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Skills Blog Posts
Build a Secure Smart Contract Using zk-SNARKs in Solidity
Transaction details can be made visible only to the involved parties and not to the public by utilizing privacy-preserving technologies. Through the use of zk-SNARKs (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge), we can implement transformations on existing applications on Ethereum using smart contract development.Ethereum's Merkle Tree, or the blockchain chain approach of Bitcoin, introduced an improved proof-of-work mechanism along with Gas and smart contracts. With these smart contracts, we can now run trusted code on the blockchain, allowing parameters to be passed into and out of functions hosted on the public ledger.However, this code can be viewed by anyone reviewing the contract, along with the values used. Therefore, we need methods to preserve the privacy of the data and code used. This is where zk-SNARKs come into play. They allow us to prove assertions without revealing the underlying values. For example, a student named Peggy might be tasked with proving certain knowledge without disclosing the actual information.Explore | Multi-Level Staking Smart Contract on Ethereum with SolidityWhat Are zk-SNARKs?zk-SNARKs are a form of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), a cryptographic method that enables one party to prove to another party that they know a specific piece of information without revealing the information itself. The term "succinct" refers to the fact that the proof is very short, even for complex computations, and "non-interactive" means the proof can be verified in a single step without further communication between the prover and verifier.These features make zk-SNARKs particularly useful in blockchain environments, where transactions need to be verified efficiently without compromising user privacy. For instance, zk-SNARKs are at the core of privacy-focused cryptocurrencies like Zcash, where transaction details are shielded from the public but still verifiable by the network.The Need for Privacy in Smart ContractsSmart contracts on public blockchains are inherently transparent, meaning all information—including balances, transactions, or contract states—is visible to anyone with access to the blockchain. While this transparency is an essential feature for security and auditing, it can pose significant privacy risks for users. Sensitive data, such as financial transactions or personal information, may be exposed.To address these privacy concerns, zk-SNARKs allow the creation of smart contracts where sensitive information can be kept private. For example, zk-SNARKs can prove that a user has sufficient funds for a transaction without revealing the exact amount of funds or the sender's identity.Also, Explore | How to Implement a Merkle Tree for Secure Data VerificationHow zk-SNARKs Work in Theoryzk-SNARKs rely on the mathematical concepts of elliptic curve cryptography and pairings. The fundamental idea is that the prover generates a proof that they know a certain piece of data (e.g., a private key or a specific input to a computation) without revealing the data itself. The proof can be verified by the verifier using public information such as the elliptic curve parameters and a commitment to the data, but without needing to see the data.The succinctness of zk-SNARKs ensures the proof is small and can be verified quickly. This is crucial for blockchain environments where computational efficiency is essential.Implementing zk-SNARKs in SolidityWhile zk-SNARKs provide a cryptographic foundation for privacy-preserving computations, implementing them in Solidity requires several steps. Solidity, Ethereum's native language, is not designed to directly support zk-SNARKs, so developers often rely on specialized libraries and tools to integrate zk-SNARKs into smart contracts.Required ToolsZoKrates: A toolkit for zk-SNARKs that allows developers to write, test, and deploy zk-SNARK-based smart contracts in Solidity.snarkjs: A JavaScript library that works with zk-SNARKs, commonly used to generate proofs and verify them in the browser or through Node.js.Step 1: Setting Up ZoKratesZoKrates provides an easy-to-use environment for zk-SNARKs. First, you'll need to install ZoKrates and set up your working environment. After installation, you can write a program that computes a function and generates a proof that the computation is correct.For example, you might write a simple program that proves knowledge of a valid private key corresponding to a public address without revealing the private key itself.Step 2: Writing the zk-SNARK CircuitIn zk-SNARK terms, a circuit represents the computation you want to prove. ZoKrates provides a domain-specific language to define this circuit. For instance, if you're building a privacy-preserving payment system, the circuit could prove that the sender has enough funds to complete a transaction without revealing the amount or the sender's balance.// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract QuadraticEquation {
uint256 constant SCALE = 1e18;
function checkEquation(
int256 a,
int256 b,
int256 c,
int256 x,
int256 y
) public pure returns (bool) {
// Compute y1 = a*x*x + b*x + c using scaled values
int256 xScaled = x * SCALE; // Scale x
int256 y1Scaled = (a * xScaled * xScaled) / (SCALE * SCALE) + (b * xScaled) / SCALE + c * SCALE;
int256 yScaled = y * SCALE;
return yScaled == y1Scaled;
}
}In this example, a, b, and c are private to the smart contract, and the function returns true if the y the value supplied is correct, and false otherwise.Step 3: Generating Keys and VerificationZoKrates generates a proving key and a verification key. The verifyTx() function in Solidity makes the smart contract accessible externally:
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract TransactionVerifier {
struct Proof {
}
function verify(uint256[] memory inputValues, Proof memory proof) public pure returns (uint256) {
return 0;
}
function verifyTx(Proof memory proof, uint256[4] memory input) public pure returns (bool) {
uint256[] memory inputValues = new uint256[](input.length);
for (uint256 i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
inputValues[i] = input[i];
}
if (verify(inputValues, proof) == 0) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
}DeploymentCompile the contract using the Solidity compiler, then upload the smart contract code to a test network. For this, link Remix to your wallet on the Ropsten test network. Once deployed, you will receive a transaction hash confirming the contract's creation at a specific address.You can now verify or publish the contract, which requires the code used to create it.Check Out | Smart Contract Upgradability | Proxy Patterns in SolidityConclusionzk-SNARKs represent a revolutionary step in merging privacy with blockchain transparency. By integrating zk-SNARKs into Solidity smart contracts, developers can design applications that meet diverse privacy requirements without compromising trust. While challenges such as high gas costs and the need for trusted setups persist, ongoing innovations in Ethereum and zk-proof systems promise to mitigate these issues. From anonymous voting to private financial transactions, the potential applications are vast. Hire our smart contract developers today.
Shubham Dubey
29 Nov 2024
Build a Crypto Payment Gateway Using Solana Pay and React
Accepting cryptocurrency payments is becoming increasingly popular for businesses, and Solana Pay makes it fast, secure, and affordable. Whether you're building a payment gateway or exploring DeFi development services, this dev blog guide will show you how to create your own crypto payment gateway using React and Solana Pay.Explore | A Guide to Meme Coin Development on SolanaWhat is Solana Pay?Solana Pay is a payment protocol that allows businesses to accept cryptocurrency directly from customers. It's:Fast: Transactions are completed in seconds.Affordable: Almost zero transaction fees.Easy to Integrate: With ready-made tools and SDKs, it's developer-friendly.PrerequisitesBefore we get started, ensure you have:A Solana Wallet, such as Phantom.Node.js and npm installed.Basic knowledge of React and JavaScript.Also Read | Distinctive Features for Solana Wallet DevelopmentStep 1: Set Up Your ProjectCreate a React app:npx create-react-app solana-pay-gateway
cd solana-pay-gateway
Install necessary libraries:npm install @solana/web3.js @solana/pay @solana/wallet-adapter-react @solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets
This installs tools for connecting to Solana and managing wallets.Step 2: Add Wallet ConnectionTo accept payments, users need to connect their Solana wallet.Import the wallet libraries in App.js:import {
ConnectionProvider,
WalletProvider,
WalletModalProvider,
} from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui";
import { PhantomWalletAdapter } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets";
Set up the wallet connection:const wallets = [new PhantomWalletAdapter()];
function App() {
return (
<ConnectionProvider endpoint="https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com">
<WalletProvider wallets={wallets}>
<WalletModalProvider>
<div className="App">
<h1>Solana Pay Gateway</h1>
<WalletConnectButton />
</div>
</WalletModalProvider>
</WalletProvider>
</ConnectionProvider>
);
}
export default App;
This adds a Connect Wallet button to your app. When clicked, users can link their Phantom wallet to the app.Step 3: Generate a Payment RequestNext, we'll generate a payment link or QR code that customers can use to pay.Import Solana Pay tools in App.js:import { createQR, encodeURL } from "@solana/pay";
import { Keypair, PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";
import BigNumber from "bignumber.js"; // Install with `npm install bignumber.js`
Create a function to generate a payment request:const generatePaymentRequest = () => {
const recipient = new PublicKey("Your-Solana-Wallet-Address"); // Replace with your address
const amount = new BigNumber(1); // Payment amount in SOL
const reference = Keypair.generate().publicKey;
const paymentURL = encodeURL({
recipient,
amount,
reference,
label: "Your Business Name",
message: "Thank you for your payment!",
});
const qrCode = createQR(paymentURL, { size: 256 });
qrCode.append(document.getElementById("qr-code-container"));
};
Add a button and a container for the QR code in your app:<button onClick={generatePaymentRequest}>Generate Payment QR Code</button>
<div id="qr-code-container"></div>
When the button is clicked, it generates a QR code customers can scan to pay in SOL.Explore | Compressed NFTs (cNFTs) | Solana's Cost-Effective NFT standardStep 4: Confirm PaymentsAfter a payment is made, you'll want to verify it on the blockchain.Set up a connection to Solana:import { Connection } from "@solana/web3.js";
const connection = new Connection("https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com");
Create a function to check for a payment:const checkPaymentStatus = async (reference) => {
const signatureInfo = await connection.getSignaturesForAddress(reference);
if (signatureInfo.length > 0) {
alert("Payment received!");
} else {
alert("Payment not found. Please try again.");
}
};
Call this function with the payment reference key after generating the QR code.Step 5: Test Your AppStart the app:npm start
Connect your Phantom wallet using the Connect Wallet button.Click the Generate Payment QR Code button.Scan the QR code with your wallet and complete a test payment.Verify the payment by calling checkPaymentStatus.Also, Check | DeFi in Real Estate | Exploring New Horizons and PotentialsConclusionSolana Pay is revolutionizing crypto payments by making them fast, affordable, and easy to integrate. Whether you're a developer or a business owner, building a payment gateway with Solana Pay opens doors to the Web3 economy. Need Help with Your Project?Looking to build advanced blockchain applications or integrate Solana Pay? Our expert crypto developers can help you create seamless and secure payment gateways tailored to your business needs. Contact us today to bring your Web3 vision to life!
Technology:
RUST
,
NO SQL/MONGODB
more
Category:
Blockchain
Akash Bhardwaj
28 Nov 2024
Create DeFi Index Fund with Custom ERC-4626 Tokenized Vaults
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has redefined investment strategies, bringing innovative tools to democratize financial access. Among these tools is the ERC-4626 tokenized vault standard, a robust framework for creating DeFi index funds. This blog explores designing and implementing a DeFi index fund with custom ERC-4626 tokenized vaults. For more related to DeFi, explore our DeFi Development Services.Also, Check | ERC-1155 | An Introduction to Multi Token Standard DevelopmentWhat is an ERC-4626 Tokenized Vault?ERC-4626 is a tokenized vault standard on Ethereum that simplifies yield-bearing token contracts. It promotes interoperability within the DeFi ecosystem by standardizing vault functionalities across protocols. With ERC-4626, you can pool assets, generate yield, and issue vault tokens to investors, symbolizing their share of the underlying assets.Designing a DeFi Index FundIn traditional finance, an index fund tracks the performance of a specific set of assets. Similarly, in DeFi, index funds pool multiple tokens into a single fund, offering diversified exposure to various cryptocurrencies or DeFi projects. ERC-4626 vaults make building and managing these funds seamless.Also, Read | Tokenization of RWA (Real-World Assets): A Comprehensive GuideKey ConsiderationsAsset SelectionSelect assets that align with the fund's objectives, whether top-performing tokens, stablecoins, or niche DeFi tokens. Ensure the assets meet the criteria for liquidity, volatility, and growth potential.Rebalancing StrategyEstablish rules for maintaining the desired asset allocation. Periodic rebalancing allows the fund to adapt to market changes while mitigating risks.Fee StructuresDefine transparent fees for deposits, withdrawals, and fund management. These fees incentivize participation and cover operational costs.Security and AuditsPerform rigorous testing and auditing of smart contracts to ensure the security of investors' funds.Explore more | Unexplored ERC Token Standards On EthereumHow ERC-4626 Enables Index FundsTokenized SharesWhen users deposit assets into the index fund, they receive ERC-4626 vault tokens proportional to their share of the pooled assets. These tokens signify ownership and allow users to track their holdings.Yield GenerationThe vault integrates with DeFi protocols to generate yield on deposited assets. For example, a portion of the fund might be staked in lending protocols like Aave or Compound.Automated RebalancingSmart contracts automate asset rebalancing, minimizing human intervention and maintaining alignment with the fund's strategy.TransparencyERC-4626 enhances investor trust by providing clear methods for calculating deposit and withdrawal values.Discover More | ERC-20 Token Standard | Development EssentialsExample Workflow for an ERC-4626 Vault-Based Index FundDepositing AssetsUsers deposit Ethereum (ETH) or other accepted tokens into the vault. The smart contract mints vault tokens based on the current fund valuation, representing their share of the pool.Rebalancing and YieldThe vault periodically redistributes assets following predefined allocation rules. Simultaneously, yield-generating strategies accumulate rewards for the pool.Withdrawing FundsWhen users exit the fund, they burn their vault tokens. The smart contract calculates their proportional share of the assets and transfers it to them.CODE :- -> 'Vault_ERC_4626.sol'
// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
pragma solidity >=0.8.0;
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
import {SafeTransferLib} from "../utils/safeTransferLib.sol";
import {FixedPointMathLib} from "../utils/fixedPointMathLib.sol";
abstract contract ERC4626 is ERC20 {
using SafeTransferLib for ERC20;
using FixedPointMathLib for uint256;
// EVENTS
event Deposit(address indexed caller, address indexed owner, uint256 assets, uint256 shares);
event Withdraw(
address indexed caller,
address indexed receiver,
address indexed owner,
uint256 assets,
uint256 shares
);
// IMMUTABLES
ERC20 public immutable asset;
constructor(
ERC20 _asset,
string memory _name,
string memory _symbol
) ERC20(_name, _symbol, _asset.decimals()) {
asset = _asset;
}
// DEPOSIT/WITHDRAWAL LOGIC
function deposit(uint256 assets, address receiver) public virtual returns (uint256 shares) {
// Check for rounding error since we round down in previewDeposit.
require((shares = previewDeposit(assets)) != 0, "ZERO_SHARES");
// Need to transfer before minting or ERC777s could reenter.
asset.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), assets);
_mint(receiver, shares);
emit Deposit(msg.sender, receiver, assets, shares);
afterDeposit(assets, shares);
}
function mint(uint256 shares, address receiver) public virtual returns (uint256 assets) {
assets = previewMint(shares); // No need to check for rounding error, previewMint rounds up.
// Need to transfer before minting or ERC777s could reenter.
asset.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), assets);
_mint(receiver, shares);
emit Deposit(msg.sender, receiver, assets, shares);
afterDeposit(assets, shares);
}
function withdraw(
uint256 assets,
address receiver,
address owner
) public virtual returns (uint256 shares) {
shares = previewWithdraw(assets); // No need to check for rounding error, previewWithdraw rounds up.
if (msg.sender != owner) {
uint256 allowed = allowance[owner][msg.sender]; // Saves gas for limited approvals.
if (allowed != type(uint256).max) allowance[owner][msg.sender] = allowed - shares;
}
beforeWithdraw(assets, shares);
_burn(owner, shares);
emit Withdraw(msg.sender, receiver, owner, assets, shares);
asset.safeTransfer(receiver, assets);
}
function redeem(
uint256 shares,
address receiver,
address owner
) public virtual returns (uint256 assets) {
if (msg.sender != owner) {
uint256 allowed = allowance[owner][msg.sender]; // Saves gas for limited approvals.
if (allowed != type(uint256).max) allowance[owner][msg.sender] = allowed - shares;
}
// Check for rounding error since we round down in previewRedeem.
require((assets = previewRedeem(shares)) != 0, "ZERO_ASSETS");
beforeWithdraw(assets, shares);
_burn(owner, shares);
emit Withdraw(msg.sender, receiver, owner, assets, shares);
asset.safeTransfer(receiver, assets);
}
// ACCOUNTING LOGIC
function totalAssets() public view virtual returns (uint256);
function convertToShares(uint256 assets) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
uint256 supply = totalSupply; // Saves an extra SLOAD if totalSupply is non-zero.
return supply == 0 ? assets : assets.mulDivDown(supply, totalAssets());
}
function convertToAssets(uint256 shares) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
uint256 supply = totalSupply; // Saves an extra SLOAD if totalSupply is non-zero.
return supply == 0 ? shares : shares.mulDivDown(totalAssets(), supply);
}
function previewDeposit(uint256 assets) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
return convertToShares(assets);
}
function previewMint(uint256 shares) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
uint256 supply = totalSupply; // Saves an extra SLOAD if totalSupply is non-zero.
return supply == 0 ? shares : shares.mulDivUp(totalAssets(), supply);
}
function previewWithdraw(uint256 assets) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
uint256 supply = totalSupply; // Saves an extra SLOAD if totalSupply is non-zero.
return supply == 0 ? assets : assets.mulDivUp(supply, totalAssets());
}
function previewRedeem(uint256 shares) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
return convertToAssets(shares);
}
// DEPOSIT/WITHDRAWAL LIMIT LOGIC
function maxDeposit(address) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
return type(uint256).max;
}
function maxMint(address) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
return type(uint256).max;
}
function maxWithdraw(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
return convertToAssets(balanceOf[owner]);
}
function maxRedeem(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
return balanceOf[owner];
}
// INTERNAL HOOKS LOGIC
function beforeWithdraw(uint256 assets, uint256 shares) internal virtual {}
function afterDeposit(uint256 assets, uint256 shares) internal virtual {}
}Advantages of Using ERC-4626 in DeFi Index FundsStandardizationERC-4626 ensures compatibility with DeFi protocols, streamlining integration and scalability.Enhanced EfficiencyTokenized vaults optimize operations through automation and yield generation.User AccessibilityInvestors can easily participate by depositing assets and holding vault tokens, simplifying the process.You may also like | Understanding ERC-404 | The Unofficial Token StandardWrapping Up – The Future of ERC-4626Building a DeFi index fund with ERC-4626 tokenized vaults represents a breakthrough in decentralizing investments. This standard provides a robust framework for secure, efficient, and yield-focused financial products.The adoption of ERC-4626 addresses inefficiencies in DeFi while prioritizing security and composability. As DeFi evolves, ERC-4626 could become the foundation for innovative financial solutions, empowering developers and investors alike. Whether you're building an index fund or other DeFi applications, ERC-4626 paves the way for a more connected and efficient decentralized financial ecosystem. If you're looking to create your own DeFi index fund or need expert guidance on DeFi development, connect with our expert blockchain developers today.
Technology:
Blockchain
,
Node Js
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Category:
Blockchain
Aditya Sharma
28 Nov 2024
How to Build Automated Market Maker (AMM) Logic in Solidity
Automated Market Maker (AMM) model sits at the heart of crypto exchange transformation, a fundamental innovation powering many centralized crypto exchange platforms and decentralized exchanges (DEXs). It is a protocol, integrated using crypto exchange development, that allows cryptocurrency trading without using traditional order books. Instead of matching buy and sell orders, AMMs rely on liquidity pools that use mathematical formulas to determine prices. Users can trade directly with the pool, and prices are adjusted based on supply and demand within the pool.Explore | An Exhaustive Introduction to Automated Market Makers (AMM)Steps to Implement AMM Logic in Solidity1. Setting up the Development EnvironmentInstall Node.js: Node.js is required for running the necessary scripts and tools.Install Hardhat: Hardhat is a development framework for building and testing smart contracts. Install it by running the following command:Create a Hardhat Project: Initialize a new Hardhat project by running: npx hardhat init2. Create the ContractInside the contracts directory, create a new file named Amm.sol. This Solidity file will hold our Amm logic.3. Implement the ContractProgram :
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.27;
contract TokenV2SwapAmm{
address private constant UNISWAPV2ROUTER =
0x7a250d5630B4cF539739dF2C5dAcb4c659F2488D;
address private constant WETH_TOKEN = 0xC02aaA39b223FE8D0A0e5C4F27eAD9083C756Cc2;
address private constant DAI_TOKEN = 0x6B175474E89094C44Da98b954EedeAC495271d0F;
address constant USDC_TOKEN = 0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48;
IUniswapV2Router private myrouter = IUniswapV2Router(UNISWAPV2ROUTER);
IERC20 private weth_token = IERC20(WETH_TOKEN);
IERC20 private dai_token = IERC20(DAI_TOKEN);
// Swap WETH_TOKEN to DAI_TOKEN
function swapSingleHopExactAmountIn(uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin)
external
returns (uint256 amountOut)
{
weth_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount_In);
weth_token.approve(address(myrouter), amount_In);
address[] memory route;
route = new address[](2);
route[0] = WETH_TOKEN;
route[1] = DAI_TOKEN;
uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapExactTokensForTokens(
amount_In, amount_OutMin, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp
);
// amounts[0] = WETH_TOKEN amount, amounts[1] = DAI_TOKEN amount
return amounts[1];
}
// Swap DAI_TOKEN -> WETH_TOKEN -> USDC_TOKEN
function swapMultiHopExactAmountIn(uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin)
external
returns (uint256 amountOut)
{
dai_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount_In);
dai_token.approve(address(myrouter), amount_In);
address[] memory route;
route = new address[](3);
route[0] = DAI_TOKEN;
route[1] = WETH_TOKEN;
route[2] = USDC_TOKEN;
uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapExactTokensForTokens(
amount_In, amount_OutMin, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp
);
// amounts[0] = DAI_TOKEN amount
// amounts[1] = WETH_TOKEN amount
// amounts[2] = USDC_TOKEN amount
return amounts[2];
}
// Swap WETH_TOKEN to DAI_TOKEN
function swapSingleHopExactAmountOut(
uint256 amountOutRequired,
uint256 amounttInMaxreq
) external returns (uint256 amountOut) {
weth_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amounttInMaxreq);
weth_token.approve(address(myrouter), amounttInMaxreq);
address[] memory route;
route = new address[](2);
route[0] = WETH_TOKEN;
route[1] = DAI_TOKEN;
uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapTokensForExactTokens(
amountOutRequired, amounttInMaxreq, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp
);
// Refund WETH_TOKEN to msg.sender
if (amounts[0] < amounttInMaxreq) {
weth_token.transfer(msg.sender, amounttInMaxreq - amounts[0]);
}
return amounts[1];
}
// Swap DAI_TOKEN -> WETH_TOKEN -> USDC_TOKEN
function swapMultiHopExactAmountOut(
uint256 amountOutRequired,
uint256 amounttInMaxreq
) external returns (uint256 amountOut) {
dai_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amounttInMaxreq);
dai_token.approve(address(myrouter), amounttInMaxreq);
address[] memory route;
route = new address[](3);
route[0] = DAI_TOKEN;
route[1] = WETH_TOKEN;
route[2] = USDC_TOKEN;
uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapTokensForExactTokens(
amountOutRequired, amounttInMaxreq, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp
);
// Refund DAI_TOKEN to msg.sender
if (amounts[0] < amounttInMaxreq) {
dai_token.transfer(msg.sender, amounttInMaxreq - amounts[0]);
}
return amounts[2];
}
}
interface IUniswapV2Router {
function swapExactTokensForTokens(
uint256 amount_In,
uint256 amount_OutMin,
address[] calldata route,
address to,
uint256 deadline
) external returns (uint256[] memory amounts);
function swapTokensForExactTokens(
uint256 amountOut,
uint256 amounttInMaxreq,
address[] calldata route,
address to,
uint256 deadline
) external returns (uint256[] memory amounts);
}
interface IERC20 {
function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);
function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);
function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount)
external
returns (bool);
function allowance(address owner, address spender)
external
view
returns (uint256);
function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount)
external
returns (bool);
}
interface IWETH_TOKEN is IERC20 {
function deposit() external payable;
function withdraw(uint256 amount) external;
}Create the ContractInside the contracts directory, create a new file named Amm.sol. This Solidity file will contain the AMM logic for token swaps.Implement the AMM Logic in SolidityThe following code snippet implements the AMM logic for token swaps using Uniswap's V2 router.
async function main() {
const Ammswap = await ethers.getContractFactory('TokenV2SwapAmm');
const swap = await Ammswap.deploy();
await swap.deployed();
console.log('Amm logic deployed to:', swap.address);
}
main().catch((error) => {
console.error(error);
process.exitCode = 1;
});
Testing the Contract1. Write Tests: - In the test directory, create a new file for the tests.- Use Hardhat's testing framework to write tests for your contract.2. Run Tests:
npx hardhat test
Also, Explore | Identifying Smart Contract Orchestration Patterns in SolidityConclusionCongratulations on implementing Automated Market Maker (AMM) Logic in Solidity and deploying your contract on Ethereum.Ready to take your decentralized Amm swap system to the next level? Contact our expert blockchain developers at Oodles to transform your vision into a robust, feature-rich solution tailored to your specific needs. Let's innovate together and redefine the future of Amm swap.
Technology:
SOLIDITY
,
HTML,CSS
more
Category:
Blockchain
Krishan Chand
28 Nov 2024
KYC and KYT Explained: Safeguarding Crypto Platforms
With the rapid expansion of the cryptocurrency industry, maintaining trust and security requires businesses and users to focus on regulatory compliance as a top priority.Know Your Customer (KYC) andKnow Your Transaction (KYT) are two key pillars of the crypto compliance ecosystem. KYC verifies user identities, while KYT monitors transaction activities to prevent illicit activities. For businesses, implementing robust KYC and KYT practices using DeFi development services is crucial to ensure compliance, mitigate risks, and maintain the integrity of their platforms.This blog explores how KYC and KYT function in the crypto space and their synergy. It also highlights the advantages they bring to businesses navigating the complex regulatory landscape of the crypto world.Explore |Blockchain for KYC | A Solution to Eradicating InefficienciesWhat is KYC in Crypto ComplianceKYC, or Know Your Customer, originates from financial regulations designed to identify and prevent criminal activities. Its foundation dates back to theU.S. Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, which mandated financial institutions to maintain detailed records for detecting and curbing money laundering and fraud. This legislation marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of KYC protocols. Another significant influence on KYC comes from theFinancial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations. These globally recognized guidelines set the standard for anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CTF). FATF specifically emphasizes monitoring crypto asset activities and ensuring compliance among their service providers, providing a framework for robust regulatory practices.Know Your Customer (KYC) is a process through which cryptocurrency platforms (such as exchanges, wallet providers, and other virtual asset service providers or VASPs) verify the identity of their users to ensure they are legitimate and not engaging in illicit activities. KYC is a requirement mandated by global regulations, including Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) laws.The anonymous and decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies makes them attractive to fraudsters for activities like money laundering and other illegal purposes. KYC plays a crucial role here by helpingvirtual asset service providers (VASPs) verify the identities of their users. This not only prevents misuse but also maintains the integrity and credibility of the crypto ecosystem.Also, Read |Solving the Issues of the Current Centralized System of KYC with BlockchainHow Does KYC Work in Crypto?Here's how KYC works in crypto:User RegistrationThe process starts when a user registers on a cryptocurrency platform like an exchange, wallet provider, or DeFi protocol requiring KYC. Users must provide personal information such as:NameDate of BirthEmail AddressPhone NumberIdentity VerificationTo confirm the user's identity, the platform requires official identification documents. These commonly include:Government-issued ID (e.g., passport, driver's license)Proof of address (e.g., utility bills, bank statements)Selfie verification (to match with ID)Platforms often use AI-powered tools or third-party KYC service providers to automate this verification step.Document AuthenticationThe submitted documents are authenticated for legitimacy. This involves:Checking for forgery or tamperingValidating the ID number against government databasesVerifying that the selfie matches the photo IDRisk AssessmentPlatforms often perform a risk assessment to ensure users aren't flagged in a financial crime or sanction lists. They may check:Anti-Money Laundering (AML) databasesPolitically Exposed Person (PEP) listsSanction databases (e.g., OFAC)Approval or RejectionOnce verification is complete, the platform either approves the user for access or rejects the application if inconsistencies or fraudulent activity are detected.Also, Read |Is Blockchain the Right Underlying Technology for Digital KYC verificationWhat is KYT in Crypto ComplianceAt some point, it became evident that focusing solely on verifying the identities of the parties involved was insufficient.While KYC primarily emphasizes confirming customer identities at the beginning of a business relationship, its scope becomes limited after this initial verification. It offers little visibility into ongoing activities, leaving room for deviations from typical transaction patterns to go undetected over time. This is where the Know Your Transaction (KYT) approach introduces a new dimension to financial oversight. KYT shifts the focus to understanding the nature and intent of transactions.Know Your Transaction (KYT) complements Know Your Customer (KYC) by focusing on the continuous monitoring of transactions for any unusual or suspicious activity. While KYC is a one-time process that verifies the identity of users, KYT is an ongoing procedure that ensures the legitimacy of transactions in real-time.How Does KYT Work in Crypto?KYT (Know Your Transaction) is a crucial tool used by crypto exchanges, financial institutions, and other companies to detect suspicious activities and prevent fraud. Here's how it works:Transaction MonitoringKYT systems track transactions, identifying unusual behavior like large or frequent transfers that may indicate fraud.Risk ScoringEach transaction is given a risk score based on factors like the amount and destination. High-risk transactions are flagged for further review.Real-Time AlertsKYT automatically triggers alerts when transactions meet specific risk criteria, allowing quick action to prevent potential fraud.In crypto, KYT helps ensure the legitimacy of transactions in real-time, reducing the risk of illegal activities on the platform.Also Read |Blockchain and KYC: The Next Disruptive Step in DecentralizationWhy KYC and KYT Must Work TogetherWhile KYC and KYT serve distinct purposes, they achieve maximum effectiveness when implemented together. KYC verifies user identities at the outset and ensures only legitimate users interact with the platform. KYT maintains continuous oversight of user activities after onboarding. KYT monitors transaction behaviors in real-time to detect fraudulent activities, such as money laundering or illegal funding, before they cause harm.KYC and KYT together build a robust compliance framework that protects platforms, users, and the crypto ecosystem. KYC confirms the legitimacy of users, while KYT ensures the legitimacy of transactions.Also, Read |Digitizing AML/KYC Compliance with BlockchainBusiness Benefits of Implementing KYC and KYTImplementing both KYC and KYT processes brings numerous benefits to businesses in the crypto space:Regulatory ComplianceBoth KYC and KYT are necessary to comply with international anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CTF) laws. This helps crypto businesses avoid penalties and maintain their licenses to operate.Fraud PreventionWith KYC and KYT, businesses can minimize the risk of fraud by identifying illicit actors during user onboarding and detecting suspicious transactions in real-time.Enhanced TrustBy demonstrating a commitment to compliance and security, businesses can build trust with users and investors. This trust is essential for long-term success and reputation in the competitive crypto market.Better Risk ManagementCombining KYC and KYT provides a comprehensive approach to risk management. KYC helps mitigate the risk of onboarding bad actors, while KYT enables businesses to manage risks as they arise in real-time.The Future of KYC and KYT in the Crypto SpaceThe growth of the cryptocurrency industry demands increasingly sophisticated compliance systems like KYC and KYT. Businesses are adopting advanced AI-driven technologies to enhance identity verification and transaction monitoring, ensuring robust security while delivering a seamless user experience. Incorporating blockchain into KYC and KYT processes is improving transparency and making these systems tamper-resistant, further strengthening their effectiveness.The global push for stricter crypto regulations is prompting businesses to implement more rigorous compliance measures. KYC and KYT are taking center stage in this shift, providing the tools necessary to ensure compliance, detect fraud, and maintain the integrity of the crypto ecosystem as regulatory frameworks evolve.Also, Explore |The Rise of Crypto Derivatives Exchange DevelopmentConclusionKYC and KYT are essential components of the crypto compliance ecosystem. While KYC ensures that only legitimate users interact with crypto platforms, KYT provides the ongoing monitoring necessary to prevent illicit activities in real time. Together, they create a comprehensive approach to crypto compliance, enabling businesses to protect their platforms, users, and the broader blockchain ecosystem.Looking to develop a regulatory-compliant crypto solution? Let Oodles Blockchain handle the complexities of development while you focus on your vision. Our team ofcrypto developers ensures your project meets all compliance standards and stays ahead of the regulatory curve. Check out this article to explore the challenges of navigating the crypto regulatory landscape, and discover how we make it easier for you!
Technology:
ETHERJS
,
ETHEREUM (ETH)
more
Category:
Blockchain
Saumya Srivastava
27 Nov 2024
Integrating Web3 Authentication into a Next.js Application
After web1 and web2, Web3 development is now transforming how users interact with applications by leveraging blockchain technology for authentication and identity management. Integrating Web3 authentication into a Next.js application allows users to log in securely without traditional passwords, relying instead on their crypto wallets, such as MetaMask. This guide walks through the process of integrating Web3 authentication step by step.Also, Check | Embracing Web3 and Metaverse: The Next Digital RevolutionPrerequisitesFamiliarity withNext.js and React.A basic understanding ofEthereum wallets like MetaMask.Node.js installed (preferably v20 or later).An active Ethereum wallet for testing.Explore | Develop a Multi-Token Crypto Wallet for Ethereum with Web3.jsIntegrating Web3 Authentication into a Next.js ApplicationSetting Up a Next.js ApplicationBegin by creating a new Next.js project:npx create-next-app@latest web3-auth-nextjs
cd web3-auth-nextjs
npm install ethersHere, we use theethers library to interact with Ethereum wallets.Step 1: Adding Wallet Connection LogicCreate a utility for connecting to a wallet. In yourutils folder, add a file namedweb3.js:// utils/web3.js
import {ethers }from'ethers';
exportconstconnectWallet=async ()=> {
try {
if (!window.ethereum) {
thrownewError("MetaMask is not installed");
}
constprovider=newethers.BrowserProvider(window.ethereum);
awaitwindow.ethereum.request({method:'eth_requestAccounts' });
constaccounts=awaitprovider.listAccounts();
constsigner=awaitprovider.getSigner();
if (accounts.length===0) {
thrownewError("No accounts found. Please connect a wallet.");
}
return {provider,signer,account:accounts[0] };
}catch (error) {
console.error("Error connecting wallet:",error.message);
throwerror;
}
};
exportconstsignMessage=async (signer,message)=> {
try {
constsignature=awaitsigner.signMessage(message);
returnsignature;
}catch (error) {
console.error("Error signing message:",error.message);
throwerror;
}
};Step 2: Creating a Web3 Context with ZustandTo manage Web3 states like connection status and account information, use Zustand:npm install zustandThen create a context instore/web3Store.js:// store/web3Store.js
import {create }from'zustand';
exportconstuseWeb3Store=create((set)=> ({
account:null,
setAccount: (account)=>set({account }),
}));Step 3: Building the Login ComponentIncomponents/WalletLogin.js, add the following:"use client";
import {connectWallet,signMessage }from"../utils/web3";
import {useWeb3Store }from"../store/web3Store";
import {useState }from"react";
constWalletLogin= ()=> {
const [error,setError]=useState("");
const {account,setAccount }=useWeb3Store();
consthandleLogin=async ()=> {
try {
const {signer,account }=awaitconnectWallet();
constmessage="Authenticate with Web3";
constsignature=awaitsignMessage(signer,message);
console.log("Signature:",signature);// For backend validation
setAccount(account?.address);
}catch (err) {
setError(err.message);
}
};
return (
<div
style={{
display:"flex",
flexDirection:"column",
alignItems:"center",
}}
>
{account ? (
<p>Connected as:{account}</p>
) : (
<button
style={{
padding:12,
border:"2px solid #d1d5db",
}}
onClick={handleLogin}
>
Connect Wallet
</button>
)}
{error &&<pstyle={{color:"red",marginTop:8 }}>{error}</p>}
</div>
);
};
exportdefaultWalletLogin;
Step 4: Adding Authentication to PagesTo use theWalletLogin component, update yourpages/index.js:importWalletLoginfrom"../components/walletLogin";
exportdefaultfunctionHome() {
return (
<divstyle={{padding:16 }}>
<h1
style={{
fontSize:24,
marginBottom:16,
textAlign:"center",
}}
>
Web3 Authentication in Next.js
</h1>
<WalletLogin/>
</div>
);
}Step 5: Testing the ApplicationRun the app withnpm run dev.Openhttp://localhost:3000 and clickConnect Wallet.After connecting, your Ethereum address should display.Check the console for the signed message. You can use this data to validate the signature on your backend.You may also like | Developing Cross-Platform Crypto Wallet with Web3.js & ReactEnhancementsSecure Messaging: Use a random nonce as the message to prevent replay attacks.Backend Integration: Send the signature and address to a backend API for verification.Styling: Use Tailwind CSS or Chakra UI for a polished UI.ConclusionIntegrating Web3 authentication into a Next.js app provides a modern, secure login experience for users. By leveraging Ethereum wallets like MetaMask, you reduce reliance on traditional passwords, improving both security and user experience. This setup serves as a foundation for building decentralized applications with seamless Web3 authentication.Feel free to enhance this implementation further by adding features like session persistence, multi-wallet support, or custom authentication flows!At Oodles, our team of expert blockchain developers can help you integrate secure Web3 authentication, decentralized finance (DeFi), and other cutting-edge blockchain solutions into your projects. Get in touch with us today to explore how we can help bring your Web3 ideas to life.
Technology:
RUST
,
NO SQL/MONGODB
more
Category:
Blockchain
Devashish Trehan
25 Nov 2024
Crypto Intent Prediction Marketplace Development Guide
The cryptocurrency market moves at lightning speed, presenting a dynamic landscape filled with both opportunities and challenges for traders and businesses. Navigating this volatility requires more than intuition. It demands access to reliable insights and predictive analytics. This is where aCrypto intent prediction marketplace development transforms the game.Harnessing real-time data, machine learning, and blockchain, the platform provides actionable insights tailored to users' needs. It empowers traders to anticipate market shifts, make informed decisions, and reduce exposure to unnecessary risks. At the same time, it equips businesses with the tools to capitalize on emerging opportunities, ensuring they stay competitive in a rapidly evolving ecosystem.This blog explains the concept, functionality, and how to develop a crypto intent prediction marketplace with its key features.Suggested Read |Exploring Crypto Arbitrage Trading Bot and DevelopmentUnderstanding Crypto Intent Prediction MarketplaceCrypto intent prediction analyzes data points to forecast market trends and participant behavior. This approach helps traders anticipate market movements and make informed, data-driven decisions. Here are some key data points for prediction:Blockchain ActivityBlockchain activity tracks wallet transactions, staking patterns, and token movements to identify whale activity and market trends.Social Media TrendsSocial media trends use sentiment analysis on Twitter, Reddit, and Telegram to gauge market sentiment.Market MetricsMarket metrics monitor trading volume, price changes, and order book data to detect shifts in market dynamics.Historical DataHistorical data analyzes past trends and patterns to improve predictive accuracy and reliability.Suggested Post |Everything You Need to Know about Crypto Trading BotsMain Features to Implement during Crypto Intent Prediction Marketplace DevelopmentFor a user-friendly crypto intent marketplace development, include these essential features:Real-Time Data InsightsDeliver live data predictions to help users stay ahead of market movements.Customizable AlertsLet users set alerts for changes in trading volume or social media activity for specific tokens.Historical Data AnalysisProvide detailed insights into past trends to help users validate predictions and strategize effectively.Integration with Trading PlatformsConnect with trading platforms like Binance and Coinbase, enabling users to act on predictions without leaving the marketplace.Community and Social FeaturesEnable users to engage through chatrooms, forums, and boards to share insights and collaborate on strategies.Secure Payment and Reward SystemOffer cryptocurrency payments, staking, and reward systems to motivate accurate predictions.Also Read |Everything About Crypto Intent Prediction MarketplacesHow Does a Crypto Intent Prediction Marketplace Work?A crypto intent prediction marketplace operates by using advanced technologies to deliver actionable insights:Data AggregationThe platform gathers data from blockchain explorers, trading platforms, and social media APIs to create a comprehensive dataset.Data ProcessingMachine learning algorithms process data to create actionable predictions and insights.Prediction ModelsThe platform uses NLP for sentiment analysis and LSTM for time-series forecasting to improve accuracy.User InteractionUsers access predictions, set alerts, and engage with the community through an intuitive interface.Revenue GenerationPlatforms earn revenue through subscription tiers, API access, and premium data feeds for institutional clients.You may also like |Ethereum Distributed Validator Technology | DVT for StakingHow to Develop and Launch Your Own Crypto Intent Prediction MarketplaceAfter diving into the features, and core data points for such platforms, let's understand how to develop and launch crypto intent prediction.Step 1: Market Research and PlanningFor a successful crypto intent prediction marketplace development, start by conducting thorough market research. Analyze competitors and user needs to identify gaps that your platform can fill. This ensures your product addresses real market demands. Clearly define your target audience, focusing on their preferences and expectations to tailor the platform's features and functionalities effectively. A solid understanding of the market sets the foundation for a compelling and competitive platform.Step 2: Build Predictive ModelsAccurate predictions require access to high-quality data. Collaborate with reliable data providers or leverage APIs to source real-time, relevant data. Develop robust machine learning algorithms designed to process and analyze this data, delivering precise insights to users. Continuously optimize these models to ensure reliability and accuracy, which are critical for earning user trust and engagement.Step 3: Develop the PlatformDesign a sleek and intuitive user interface using modern frameworks like React or Angular to enhance user experience. For the backend, implement a scalable infrastructure with Django, Flask, or Node.js to handle growing user demand. Integrate blockchain technology seamlessly using tools like Web3.js and Chainlink, ensuring the platform can manage crypto transactions and provide decentralized features effectively.Step 4: Incorporate Core FeaturesEnhance user experience by including essential features such as real-time data feeds and customizable alerts for actionable insights. Integrate a secure payment gateway for seamless transactions and incorporate reward systems to boost user engagement. Foster community interaction with forums and chat features, encouraging collaboration and knowledge sharing among users.Step 5: Monetization StrategiesDevelop multiple revenue streams to maximize profitability. Offer tiered subscription plans that cater to different user needs, providing basic and advanced data access. Additionally, monetize API access for businesses and developers requiring sophisticated integrations. These strategies ensure steady revenue while catering to diverse user segments.Step 6: Ensure Security and ScalabilitySecurity is paramount in a crypto marketplace. Regularly audit smart contracts to maintain transparency and safeguard transactions. Encrypt sensitive user data and implement robust authentication protocols to prevent breaches. Conduct stress tests on the platform to ensure it remains stable and scalable, even under heavy traffic, maintaining reliability for users.Step 7: Marketing and LaunchGenerate excitement for your platform with targeted pre-launch campaigns and social media promotions. Offer beta testing opportunities to gather feedback and refine the product before launch. Build a loyal community by engaging with users on platforms like Discord and Telegram, fostering trust and anticipation. A strategic marketing plan ensures a strong start and sustained growth post-launch.How Our Blockchain Developers Can HelpAtOodles Blockchain, we develop blockchain platforms tailored to your business needs. We handle every stage ofcrypto intent prediction marketplace development, from conceptualization to launch. By combining our blockchain expertise and deep understanding of AI/ML, we ensure a seamless development process for your marketplace, whether you target retail traders or institutional clients.Also Read |Understanding the Impact of AI Crypto Trading BotsConclusionACrypto Intent Prediction Marketplace is a powerful tool for delivering actionable insights to navigate the volatile cryptocurrency market. Developing such a platform requires blockchain technology, machine learning, and user-focused design expertise. By integrating real-time insights, secure payment systems, and collaboration features, you can create a platform that empowers users to make data-driven decisions.Ready to build your marketplace? Contact ourblockchain developers today and let our experts turn your vision into reality!
Technology:
CHAINLINK
,
ETHERJS
more
Category:
Blockchain
Saumya Srivastava
21 Nov 2024
How to Create a Multi-Signature Wallet on Solana using Rust
What is a Multi-Signature Wallet?Multi-signature (multi-sig) wallets play a crucial role in enhancing the security and reliability of cryptocurrency transactions. Unlike standard wallets, which rely on a single private key for control, multi-sig wallets require approvals from multiple private keys before a transaction can be authorized. This shared-approval mechanism reduces the risk of a single point of vulnerability, making multi-sig wallets especially valuable for teams, DAOs, and organizations that manage funds collectively. By spreading responsibility across multiple key holders, these wallets ensure that no single user has unchecked control over the funds, increasing security and accountability. Explore more about crypto wallets with our crypto wallet development services.In a multi-sig wallet, a configuration is set to require a specific number of approvals (M) out of a total number of keys (N) to authorize a transaction. For instance, a 2-of-3 multi-sig setup means that any two of the three signatories must approve a transaction before it can be completed. This structure enables a system of mutual oversight, where each participant plays a role in safeguarding assets, greatly reducing the likelihood of misuse or unauthorized access.Additionally, multi-sig wallets support more transparent, collaborative governance structures, which align well with the decentralized ethos of blockchain technology. By requiring multiple approvals, these wallets allow for shared decision-making and control, empowering groups to protect assets in a secure, decentralized manner.In this developer's guide, we will explore the steps to create a multi-signature wallet on Solana.Prerequisite TechnologiesBefore proceeding with the implementation, make sure to have the following tools and technologies ready:Rust: The main programming language used for development on Solana.Solana CLI: Tools that allow command-line interaction with the Solana blockchain.Rust libraries: A good understanding of Rust libraries that assist with cryptographic operations and account management.You may also like | Develop a Multi-Token Crypto Wallet for Ethereum with Web3.jsCode Implementation | Creating a Multi-Signature Wallet on SolanaBelow are the essential components of the multi-sig wallet implementation. After initializing an empty Rust Project,create the following files in your project directory.# Inside the 'src' Folder-> processor.rs: This file contains the core logic of your multi-sig wallet, handling transactions and validating signatures.
// processor.rs
use solana_program::{
account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
entrypoint::ProgramResult,
msg,
program_error::ProgramError,
pubkey::Pubkey,
};
use crate::{instruction::MultiSigInstruction, state::MultiSig, error::MultiSigError};
use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
pub struct Processor;
impl Processor {
pub fn process(
program_id: &Pubkey,
accounts: &[AccountInfo],
instruction_data: &[u8]
) -> ProgramResult {
let instruction = MultiSigInstruction::unpack(instruction_data)?;
match instruction {
MultiSigInstruction::Initialize { owners, threshold } => {
Self::process_initialize(accounts, owners, threshold, program_id)
},
MultiSigInstruction::SubmitTransaction { transaction_id } => {
Self::process_submit_transaction(accounts, transaction_id, program_id)
},
MultiSigInstruction::Approve { transaction_id } => {
Self::process_approve(accounts, transaction_id, program_id)
},
MultiSigInstruction::Execute { transaction_id } => {
Self::process_execute(accounts, transaction_id, program_id)
},
}
}
fn process_initialize(
accounts: &[AccountInfo],
owners: Vec<Pubkey>,
threshold: u8,
program_id: &Pubkey,
) -> ProgramResult {
let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
let multisig_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
if owners.len() < threshold as usize {
msg!("Insufficient number of owners for the threshold.");
return Err(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData);
}
let multisig_data = MultiSig {
owners,
threshold,
approvals: 0,
executed: false,
};
multisig_data.serialize(&mut &mut multisig_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
Ok(())
}
fn process_submit_transaction(
accounts: &[AccountInfo],
transaction_id: u64,
program_id: &Pubkey,
) -> ProgramResult {
let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
let multisig_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
let mut multisig_data = MultiSig::try_from_slice(&multisig_account.data.borrow())?;
if multisig_data.executed {
msg!("Transaction already executed.");
return Err(MultiSigError::AlreadyExecuted.into());
}
multisig_data.approvals = 0;
multisig_data.executed = false;
multisig_data.serialize(&mut &mut multisig_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
Ok(())
}
fn process_approve(
accounts: &[AccountInfo],
transaction_id: u64,
program_id: &Pubkey,
) -> ProgramResult {
let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
let multisig_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
let signer_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
let mut multisig_data = MultiSig::try_from_slice(&multisig_account.data.borrow())?;
if !multisig_data.owners.contains(signer_account.key) {
msg!("Signer is not an owner.");
return Err(MultiSigError::NotOwner.into());
}
multisig_data.approvals += 1;
multisig_data.serialize(&mut &mut multisig_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
Ok(())
}
fn process_execute(
accounts: &[AccountInfo],
transaction_id: u64,
program_id: &Pubkey,
) -> ProgramResult {
let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
let multisig_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
let mut multisig_data = MultiSig::try_from_slice(&multisig_account.data.borrow())?;
if multisig_data.approvals < multisig_data.threshold {
msg!("Not enough approvals to execute transaction.");
return Err(MultiSigError::InsufficientSigners.into());
}
multisig_data.executed = true;
multisig_data.serialize(&mut &mut multisig_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
Ok(())
}
}
Also, Check | Developing Cross-Platform Crypto Wallet with Web3.js & React-> instruction.rs : This file defines the instructions that can be executed by the multi-sig wallet, including methods for adding signatories, removing them, and executing transactions.
// instruction.rs
use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::program_error::ProgramError;
use solana_program::pubkey::Pubkey;
[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub enum MultiSigInstruction {
Initialize { owners: Vec<Pubkey>, threshold: u8 },
SubmitTransaction { transaction_id: u64 },
Approve { transaction_id: u64 },
Execute { transaction_id: u64 },
}
impl MultiSigInstruction {
pub fn unpack(input: &[u8]) -> Result {
let (tag, rest) = input.split_first().ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?;
match tag {
0 => {
let owners = Vec::::deserialize(&mut &rest[..])?;
let threshold = *rest.get(owners.len() * 32).ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?;
Ok(Self::Initialize { owners, threshold })
},
1 => {
let transaction_id = u64::from_le_bytes(
rest.get(..8).ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?.try_into().unwrap(),
);
Ok(Self::SubmitTransaction { transaction_id })
},
2 => {
let transaction_id = u64::from_le_bytes(
rest.get(..8).ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?.try_into().unwrap(),
);
Ok(Self::Approve { transaction_id })
},
3 => {
let transaction_id = u64::from_le_bytes(
rest.get(..8).ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?.try_into().unwrap(),
);
Ok(Self::Execute { transaction_id })
},
_ => Err(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData),
}
}
}
-> lib.rs: This file sets up the entry point for your program, initializing necessary components.
// lib.rs
use solana_program::{
account_info::AccountInfo,
entrypoint,
entrypoint::ProgramResult,
pubkey::Pubkey,
};
pub mod instruction;
pub mod processor;
pub mod state;
pub mod error;
pub mod utils;
entrypoint!(process_instruction);
fn process_instruction(
program_id: &Pubkey,
accounts: &[AccountInfo],
instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
processor::Processor::process(program_id, accounts, instruction_data)
}
Also, Read | How to Build a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction Wallet#Inside the utils Folder-> utils.rs: Utility functions that assist in various operations, such as validating signatures or formatting transactions.
// utils.rs
use solana_program::{
account_info::AccountInfo,
pubkey::Pubkey,
};
pub fn is_signer(account_info: &AccountInfo, pubkey: &Pubkey) -> bool {
account_info.is_signer && account_info.key == pubkey
}
-> error.rs: Defines custom error types that can be returned by your program, improving debugging and error handling.
use thiserror::Error;
use solana_program::program_error::ProgramError;
[derive(Error, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
pub enum MultiSigError {
#[error("Insufficient signers")]
InsufficientSigners,
#[error("Transaction already executed")]
AlreadyExecuted,
#[error("Owner not recognized")]
NotOwner,
}
impl From for ProgramError {
fn from(e: MultiSigError) -> Self {
ProgramError::Custom(e as u32)
}
}
-> state.rs: This file manages the state of the wallet, including sign and pending transactions.
// state.rs
use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::pubkey::Pubkey;
[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub struct MultiSig {
pub owners: Vec,
pub threshold: u8,
pub approvals: u8,
pub executed: bool,
}
}
-> Cargo.toml : This is the main configuration file for any rust project, that defines all the external dependencies to be used in a versioned manner.
[package]
name = "multi_sig"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
[dependencies]
bincode = "1.3.3"
borsh = "1.5.1"
log = "0.4.22"
serde = "1.0.213"
solana-program = "2.0.14"
thiserror = "1.0.65"
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]
Also, Check | How to Build a Cryptocurrency Wallet App Like ExodusConclusionIn this quick developers' guide, we discovered how to create and set up a multi-signature wallet on Solana using Rust. Doing so is both a technical accomplishment and a strategic initiative aimed at improving security and trust within decentralized finance. By necessitating multiple approvals for every transaction, multi-sig wallets address the risks posed by single-key control, thereby reducing the threats related to potential fraud, theft, or improper handling of funds. This system of approvals is especially beneficial for organizations, DAOs, and collaborative projects that require high standards of accountability and shared control. If you are looking to create a multi-signature wallet on Solana or any other blockchains, connect with our Solana developers to get started.As an increasing number of organizations and institutions embrace blockchain technology for transparent and secure asset management, multi-sig wallets are expected to become essential. They not only safeguard digital assets but also ensure that all stakeholders have a say in the decision-making process. This model of collaborative governance is in perfect harmony with the fundamental principles of decentralization, rendering multi-signature wallets a crucial component in the advancing field of blockchain technology. Adopting this method not only protects assets but also enables organizations to function with improved transparency, security, and reliability.
Technology:
EXPRESS.JS
,
GANACHE
more
Category:
Blockchain
Aditya Sharma
30 Oct 2024
Developing Cross-Platform Crypto Wallet with Web3.js & React
Cross-Platform Crypto Wallet with Web3.js and ReactA cross-platform crypto wallet development with React and Web3.js requires multiple steps, ranging from configuring your development environment to using Web3.js to interact with the Ethereum blockchain or other EVM-compatible networks. Below is a general breakdown of the process:Tools/Technologies Needed:React: Used for developing the application's front-end.Web3.js: Facilitates interaction with the Ethereum blockchain.Node.js & npm: For managing dependencies and setting up the project structure.Metamask (or another Web3 provider): To integrate user wallets.Also, Explore | How to Build a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction WalletSteps to Create a Crypto WalletFollow these steps in VS Code or any preferred editor.1.Project Setupnpx create-react-app crossplatform-crypto-wallet
cd crossplatform-crypto-wallet
npm install web3
2. Create a connection withEthereum using Web3.jsInstall Web3.js in yourcrossplatform-crypto-walletnpm install web3Now let's initialize Web3.js, in yourApp.js file so that we can connect to a blockchain provider for eg. Metamask://Your react application src/app.js
import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import Web3 from 'web3';
import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import Web3 from 'web3';
function App() {
const [initializeWeb3, setWeb3] = useState(null);
const [account, setAccount] = useState('');
useEffect(() => {
// Checking if MetaMask is installed
if (window.ethereum) {
const web3 = new Web3(window.ethereum);
setWeb3(web3);
// Request account access if needed
window.ethereum.enable()
.then(accounts => {
setAccount(accounts[0]);
})
.catch(error => {
console.error("User denied the request !", error);
});
} else {
console.error("MetaMask not found. Please install !");
}
}, []);
return (
<div>
<h1>Platform crypto Wallet </h1>
{account ? (
<p>Connected account: {account}</p>
) : (
<p>Please connect your wallet</p>
)}
</div>
);
}
export default App;You may also like | ERC 4337 : Account Abstraction for Ethereum Smart Contract Wallets3. Create a New Wallet (if a user has no wallet )For users without a wallet, We can generate a new one using Web3.js:const createWallet = () => {
const wallet = web3.eth.accounts.create();
console.log('Wallet Address:', wallet.address);
console.log('User Private Key:', wallet.privateKey);
return wallet;
};4. Send and Receive Transactions from the walletTo create a transaction or interact with a wallet . We need to integrate some methods to perform these operationsCreate a utils file with the name utils.js where we will create and exportweb3 methodsexport const sendTransaction = async (from, to, amount) => {
const transaction = {
from: from,
to: to,
value: web3.utils.toWei(amount, 'ether'),
};
try {
const txHash = await web3.eth.sendTransaction(transaction);
console.log('Transaction successful with hash:', txHash);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Transaction failed:', error);
}
};Now to see things in action. Create a component with the name sendEth.js.export default function SendInput() {
const [recipient, setRecipient] = useState('');
const [amount, setAmount] = useState('');
const handleSend = () => {
sendTransaction(account, recipient, amount);
};
return (
<div>
<h1>Send Ether</h1>
<input
type="text"
value={recipient}
onChange={e => setRecipient(e.target.value)}
placeholder="Recipient address"
/>
<input
type="number"
value={amount}
onChange={e => setAmount(e.target.value)}
placeholder="Amount"
/>
<button onClick={handleSend}>Send Ether</button>
</div>
);
}And import it into your app.jsimportReact, {useEffect,useState }from'react';
importWeb3from'web3';
importSendInputfrom"../components"
functionApp() {
const [initializeWeb3,setWeb3]=useState(null);
const [account,setAccount]=useState('');
useEffect(()=> {
// Checking if MetaMask is installed
if (window.ethereum) {
constweb3=newWeb3(window.ethereum);
setWeb3(web3);
// Request account access if needed
window.ethereum.enable()
.then(accounts=> {
setAccount(accounts[0]);
})
.catch(error=> {
console.error("User denied the request !",error);
});
}else {
console.error("MetaMask not found. Please install !");
}
}, []);
return (
<div>
<h1>Platform crypto Wallet</h1>
{account ? (
<p>Connected account:{account}</p>
) : (
<p>Please connect your wallet</p>
)}
<SendInput/>
</div>
);
}
exportdefaultApp;Add get balance function in your utils.js fileexport const getBalance = async (address) => {
const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance(address);
return web3.utils.fromWei(balance, 'ether');
};Also, Read | How to Build a Real-Time Wallet TrackerAnd use it in your app.js to fetch wallet balanceimportReact, {useEffect,useState }from'react';
importWeb3from'web3';
importSendInputfrom"../components"
functionApp() {
const [initializeWeb3,setWeb3]=useState(null);
const [account,setAccount]=useState('');
useEffect(()=> {
// Checking if MetaMask is installed
if (window.ethereum) {
constweb3=newWeb3(window.ethereum);
setWeb3(web3);
// Request account access if needed
window.ethereum.enable()
.then(accounts=> {
setAccount(accounts[0]);
})
.catch(error=> {
console.error("User denied the request !",error);
});
}else {
console.error("MetaMask not found. Please install !");
}
}, []);
useEffect(()=> {
if (account) {
getBalance(account).then(balance=> {
console.log('Balance:',balance);
});
}
}, [account]);
return (
<div>
<h1>Platform crypto Wallet</h1>
{account ? (
<p>Connected account:{account}</p>
) : (
<p>Please connect your wallet</p>
)}
<SendInput/>
</div>
);
}
exportdefaultApp;
Also, Check | Create an Externally Owned Wallet using Web3J and Spring BootConclusionIn summary, building a cross-platform crypto wallet with Web3.js and React enables the creation of secure, accessible, and user-friendly blockchain applications. This approach ensures a seamless user experience across devices, promoting wider engagement and innovation in the crypto space. For more about crypto wallet development, connect with our crypto wallet developers.
Technology:
Web3.js
,
Vue.JS
more
Category:
Blockchain
Rishab Sharma
29 Oct 2024
Everything About Crypto Intent Prediction Marketplaces
The crypto market's high-end volatility presents a constant challenge for crypto users and businesses alike. Price fluctuations, shifting trends, and investor sentiment can result in costly mistakes or missed opportunities. Traditional trading tools often lack the real-time insights needed to stay competitive, exposing businesses to uncertainty.Enter the world ofcrypto intent prediction marketplaces.Theseplatforms harness vast amounts of digital data, apply machine learning, and deliver predictive insights on market trends and investor behavior. With the evolvingDeFi development services, these platforms allow businesses to navigate the crypto market confidently. They also enable informed decisions, proactive risk management, and profit maximization.This blog explores how crypto intent prediction marketplaces work, and the essential components that make them effective. It also explores how they provide transformative value to businesses in the crypto space.Explore |AI Crypto Trading Bots | Reshaping Crypto TradingWhat Are Crypto Intent Prediction Marketplaces?To understand intent prediction, let's first break down what we mean by “intent.” In simple terms, intent refers to what people plan or are likely to do. In the context of crypto markets, intent prediction involves using data to forecast what investors and traders might do next. It could depend on social media activity, such as a sudden spike in tweets about a particular coin or search engine queries indicating growing interest in a specific cryptocurrency. The idea is to gauge the market's mood before it translates into actual buying or selling.Definition: Acrypto intent prediction marketplace is a platform that helps businesses and traders anticipate future movements in the cryptocurrency market. It does this by gathering and analyzing data from various sources, like social media discussions, smart contracts blockchain transactions, search trends, and news articles. By using advanced algorithms, the marketplace interprets these data points to predict how investors might act, such as whether they are likely to buy or sell certain cryptocurrencies.This allows crypto users to get a sense of market sentiment and make smarter, more informed decisions about their trades. Essentially, it's a tool that gives you an early warning system for market trends, helping businesses minimize risk and take advantage of new opportunities in the fast-moving world of crypto.Understanding Crypto Intent SignalsCrypto intent signals play a crucial role in the functioning of crypto intent prediction marketplaces. These marketplaces gather and analyze digital clues left behind by internet users, such as social media mentions, search engine trends, transaction patterns, and news coverage, to predict future market movements.By interpreting these intent signals, the platforms can anticipate shifts in investor behavior. It helps traders and businesses make informed decisions before market actions like buying or selling occur. Essentially, crypto intent prediction marketplaces turn these signals into actionable insights, enabling users to stay ahead of market trends and minimize risks in the volatile crypto landscape.Crypto intent prediction marketplaces use data to forecast what investors and traders are likely to do next. They analyze crypto intent signals—digital clues left by online activity such as social media mentions, search engine trends, blockchain transactions, and media coverage. By understanding these crypto intent signals, businesses can anticipate market movements before they happen, empowering them to make smarter, data-driven decisions.Check it out |Exploring Crypto Arbitrage Trading Bot and DevelopmentBenefits of Crypto Intent Prediction MarketplacesIntent prediction marketplaces bring a game-changing advantage: the ability to forecast market trends. Unlike traditional analysis, which relies on past data, intent prediction looks ahead by analyzing what people are planning to do. This gives businesses a clearer sense of where the market is headed, much like having a GPS for crypto investments. Building a crypto intent prediction marketplace creates new opportunities for traders and crypto investors to leverage collective intelligence, make more informed decisions, and drive innovation in decentralized finance.Here's how crypto intent prediction marketplaces bring value to businesses, investors, and crypto users.Informed Decision-Making and Risk ManagementCrypto intent prediction platforms provide real-time, actionable insights that help businesses and their users make more informed decisions. By transforming raw data into market forecasts, businesses can share insights that allow users to identify opportunities early and adjust their strategies proactively. This helps businesses and their users manage risk more effectively.Example: A spike in mentions of Solana signals rising interest. By relaying this information to users, a business enables them to buy Solana before prices surge, reducing risk and maximizing returns.Real-Time Sentiment Analysis and Market AlignmentThese platforms track real-time sentiment through social media activity and other data sources, allowing businesses to offer their users insights that align with market trends. This gives users the ability to act quickly, putting them ahead of competitors relying on delayed data.Example: If a new DeFi project generates excitement, businesses can share this sentiment analysis with their users, helping them invest early to take advantage of the positive sentiment.Custom Alerts for Better Market TrackingWith intent prediction platforms, businesses can offer users customizable alerts for specific triggers, such as on-chain activity spikes or surges in social media mentions. These real-time notifications allow users to react quickly to emerging trends, without constant manual monitoring.Example: A business could enable users to set alerts for when mentions of "Ethereum staking" surpass a certain threshold, allowing them to make swift adjustments to their portfolios.Operational Efficiency and Time SavingsCrypto intent prediction platforms automate data collection and analysis, saving businesses and their users time. By offering users a centralized dashboard with predictive insights, businesses can streamline operations and focus on higher-level strategies, delivering more value to their clients.Example: Rather than manually tracking market signals, users can view aggregated data through a business's platform, enabling them to make faster, more informed trading decisions.Revenue Generation and ScalabilityIntent prediction marketplaces offer businesses several monetization opportunities, which they can pass on to their users. These platforms can generate revenue through subscriptions, premium features, or selling market insights. Additionally, as the business scales, these platforms can integrate new data sources and expand to cover more markets, offering users a more comprehensive toolset.Example: A company could offer premium access to real-time signals and advanced analytics, generating subscription revenue while expanding its platform to serve more users.Market Leadership and Competitive EdgeBusinesses using real-time predictive insights have a competitive advantage, which they can extend to their users. By providing insights that allow users to make faster, more informed decisions, companies can position themselves as leaders in the evolving crypto space.Example: While competitors react late to market shifts, businesses using intent prediction platforms can help their users adjust holdings early, ensuring better performance during periods of high volatility.Blockchain Transparency, Trust, and Privacy ProtectionBlockchain technology adds transparency to intent prediction platforms by creating immutable records of crypto predictions and transactions. This not only builds trust among users but also ensures privacy through cryptographic techniques, allowing businesses to protect their client's sensitive information.Example: Businesses can assure their users that the insights they provide are backed by secure, verifiable data that hasn't been tampered with.Liquidity Pools for Market StabilityLiquidity pools within these platforms ensure smoother trading operations. They provide the necessary capital for transactions, preventing sudden price swings and maintaining stability during market shifts. This benefits businesses and their users by ensuring more efficient trading.Example: During periods of high market volatility, liquidity pools ensure users can execute trades without destabilizing prices.Democratizing Market InfluenceCrypto intent prediction marketplaces allowbusinesses of all sizes to offer insights and influence market predictions. Whether it's a small firm or a larger enterprise, these platforms enable all participants to deliver high-quality data to their users, leveling the playing field and enhancing the data pool.Example: Startups can leverage intent prediction platforms to provide their users with insights that previously only larger firms could offer, creating a fairer and more competitive environment.Suggested Read |Twitter to Add Crypto Trading FeatureConclusionCrypto intent prediction marketplaces provide businesses with a powerful tool to navigate the unpredictable crypto market while offering immense value to their users. These platforms deliver real-time, data-driven insights that enhance decision-making, reduce risk, and improve operational efficiency. By adopting these tools, businesses can establish long-term strategies, generate new revenue streams, and position themselves as market leaders—all while empowering their clients to make smarter, faster trading decisions.As crypto markets grow in complexity, businesses that embracecrypto intent prediction marketplaces will not only secure a competitive edge but also help their users succeed in a rapidly evolving landscape.Our expert blockchain developers at Oodles Blockchain design innovative intent prediction platforms to help businesses thrive in the dynamic crypto market. Leverage predictive insights, reduce uncertainty, and boost profitability with our blockchain services. Connect with us now to enhance your business strategies!
Technology:
PYTORCH
,
SMART CONTRACT
more
Category:
Blockchain
Saumya Srivastava
23 Oct 2024
