Top Angular/ AngularJS Developer For Hire

Build a Crypto Payment Gateway Using Solana Pay and React Accepting cryptocurrency payments is becoming increasingly popular for businesses, and Solana Pay makes it fast, secure, and affordable. Whether you're building a payment gateway or exploring DeFi development services, this dev blog guide will show you how to create your own crypto payment gateway using React and Solana Pay.Explore | A Guide to Meme Coin Development on SolanaWhat is Solana Pay?Solana Pay is a payment protocol that allows businesses to accept cryptocurrency directly from customers. It's:Fast: Transactions are completed in seconds.Affordable: Almost zero transaction fees.Easy to Integrate: With ready-made tools and SDKs, it's developer-friendly.PrerequisitesBefore we get started, ensure you have:A Solana Wallet, such as Phantom.Node.js and npm installed.Basic knowledge of React and JavaScript.Also Read | Distinctive Features for Solana Wallet DevelopmentStep 1: Set Up Your ProjectCreate a React app:npx create-react-app solana-pay-gateway cd solana-pay-gateway Install necessary libraries:npm install @solana/web3.js @solana/pay @solana/wallet-adapter-react @solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets This installs tools for connecting to Solana and managing wallets.Step 2: Add Wallet ConnectionTo accept payments, users need to connect their Solana wallet.Import the wallet libraries in App.js:import { ConnectionProvider, WalletProvider, WalletModalProvider, } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui"; import { PhantomWalletAdapter } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets"; Set up the wallet connection:const wallets = [new PhantomWalletAdapter()]; function App() { return ( <ConnectionProvider endpoint="https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com"> <WalletProvider wallets={wallets}> <WalletModalProvider> <div className="App"> <h1>Solana Pay Gateway</h1> <WalletConnectButton /> </div> </WalletModalProvider> </WalletProvider> </ConnectionProvider> ); } export default App; This adds a Connect Wallet button to your app. When clicked, users can link their Phantom wallet to the app.Step 3: Generate a Payment RequestNext, we'll generate a payment link or QR code that customers can use to pay.Import Solana Pay tools in App.js:import { createQR, encodeURL } from "@solana/pay"; import { Keypair, PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js"; import BigNumber from "bignumber.js"; // Install with `npm install bignumber.js` Create a function to generate a payment request:const generatePaymentRequest = () => { const recipient = new PublicKey("Your-Solana-Wallet-Address"); // Replace with your address const amount = new BigNumber(1); // Payment amount in SOL const reference = Keypair.generate().publicKey; const paymentURL = encodeURL({ recipient, amount, reference, label: "Your Business Name", message: "Thank you for your payment!", }); const qrCode = createQR(paymentURL, { size: 256 }); qrCode.append(document.getElementById("qr-code-container")); }; Add a button and a container for the QR code in your app:<button onClick={generatePaymentRequest}>Generate Payment QR Code</button> <div id="qr-code-container"></div> When the button is clicked, it generates a QR code customers can scan to pay in SOL.Explore | Compressed NFTs (cNFTs) | Solana's Cost-Effective NFT standardStep 4: Confirm PaymentsAfter a payment is made, you'll want to verify it on the blockchain.Set up a connection to Solana:import { Connection } from "@solana/web3.js"; const connection = new Connection("https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com"); Create a function to check for a payment:const checkPaymentStatus = async (reference) => { const signatureInfo = await connection.getSignaturesForAddress(reference); if (signatureInfo.length > 0) { alert("Payment received!"); } else { alert("Payment not found. Please try again."); } }; Call this function with the payment reference key after generating the QR code.Step 5: Test Your AppStart the app:npm start Connect your Phantom wallet using the Connect Wallet button.Click the Generate Payment QR Code button.Scan the QR code with your wallet and complete a test payment.Verify the payment by calling checkPaymentStatus.Also, Check | DeFi in Real Estate | Exploring New Horizons and PotentialsConclusionSolana Pay is revolutionizing crypto payments by making them fast, affordable, and easy to integrate. Whether you're a developer or a business owner, building a payment gateway with Solana Pay opens doors to the Web3 economy. Need Help with Your Project?Looking to build advanced blockchain applications or integrate Solana Pay? Our expert crypto developers can help you create seamless and secure payment gateways tailored to your business needs. Contact us today to bring your Web3 vision to life!

Technology: RUST , NO SQL/MONGODB more Category: Blockchain

Akash Bhardwaj

28 Nov 2024

Create DeFi Index Fund with Custom ERC-4626 Tokenized Vaults Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has redefined investment strategies, bringing innovative tools to democratize financial access. Among these tools is the ERC-4626 tokenized vault standard, a robust framework for creating DeFi index funds. This blog explores designing and implementing a DeFi index fund with custom ERC-4626 tokenized vaults. For more related to DeFi, explore our DeFi Development Services.Also, Check | ERC-1155 | An Introduction to Multi Token Standard DevelopmentWhat is an ERC-4626 Tokenized Vault?ERC-4626 is a tokenized vault standard on Ethereum that simplifies yield-bearing token contracts. It promotes interoperability within the DeFi ecosystem by standardizing vault functionalities across protocols. With ERC-4626, you can pool assets, generate yield, and issue vault tokens to investors, symbolizing their share of the underlying assets.Designing a DeFi Index FundIn traditional finance, an index fund tracks the performance of a specific set of assets. Similarly, in DeFi, index funds pool multiple tokens into a single fund, offering diversified exposure to various cryptocurrencies or DeFi projects. ERC-4626 vaults make building and managing these funds seamless.Also, Read | Tokenization of RWA (Real-World Assets): A Comprehensive GuideKey ConsiderationsAsset SelectionSelect assets that align with the fund's objectives, whether top-performing tokens, stablecoins, or niche DeFi tokens. Ensure the assets meet the criteria for liquidity, volatility, and growth potential.Rebalancing StrategyEstablish rules for maintaining the desired asset allocation. Periodic rebalancing allows the fund to adapt to market changes while mitigating risks.Fee StructuresDefine transparent fees for deposits, withdrawals, and fund management. These fees incentivize participation and cover operational costs.Security and AuditsPerform rigorous testing and auditing of smart contracts to ensure the security of investors' funds.Explore more | Unexplored ERC Token Standards On EthereumHow ERC-4626 Enables Index FundsTokenized SharesWhen users deposit assets into the index fund, they receive ERC-4626 vault tokens proportional to their share of the pooled assets. These tokens signify ownership and allow users to track their holdings.Yield GenerationThe vault integrates with DeFi protocols to generate yield on deposited assets. For example, a portion of the fund might be staked in lending protocols like Aave or Compound.Automated RebalancingSmart contracts automate asset rebalancing, minimizing human intervention and maintaining alignment with the fund's strategy.TransparencyERC-4626 enhances investor trust by providing clear methods for calculating deposit and withdrawal values.Discover More | ERC-20 Token Standard | Development EssentialsExample Workflow for an ERC-4626 Vault-Based Index FundDepositing AssetsUsers deposit Ethereum (ETH) or other accepted tokens into the vault. The smart contract mints vault tokens based on the current fund valuation, representing their share of the pool.Rebalancing and YieldThe vault periodically redistributes assets following predefined allocation rules. Simultaneously, yield-generating strategies accumulate rewards for the pool.Withdrawing FundsWhen users exit the fund, they burn their vault tokens. The smart contract calculates their proportional share of the assets and transfers it to them.CODE :- -> 'Vault_ERC_4626.sol' // SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only pragma solidity >=0.8.0; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol"; import {SafeTransferLib} from "../utils/safeTransferLib.sol"; import {FixedPointMathLib} from "../utils/fixedPointMathLib.sol"; abstract contract ERC4626 is ERC20 { using SafeTransferLib for ERC20; using FixedPointMathLib for uint256; // EVENTS event Deposit(address indexed caller, address indexed owner, uint256 assets, uint256 shares); event Withdraw( address indexed caller, address indexed receiver, address indexed owner, uint256 assets, uint256 shares ); // IMMUTABLES ERC20 public immutable asset; constructor( ERC20 _asset, string memory _name, string memory _symbol ) ERC20(_name, _symbol, _asset.decimals()) { asset = _asset; } // DEPOSIT/WITHDRAWAL LOGIC function deposit(uint256 assets, address receiver) public virtual returns (uint256 shares) { // Check for rounding error since we round down in previewDeposit. require((shares = previewDeposit(assets)) != 0, "ZERO_SHARES"); // Need to transfer before minting or ERC777s could reenter. asset.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), assets); _mint(receiver, shares); emit Deposit(msg.sender, receiver, assets, shares); afterDeposit(assets, shares); } function mint(uint256 shares, address receiver) public virtual returns (uint256 assets) { assets = previewMint(shares); // No need to check for rounding error, previewMint rounds up. // Need to transfer before minting or ERC777s could reenter. asset.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), assets); _mint(receiver, shares); emit Deposit(msg.sender, receiver, assets, shares); afterDeposit(assets, shares); } function withdraw( uint256 assets, address receiver, address owner ) public virtual returns (uint256 shares) { shares = previewWithdraw(assets); // No need to check for rounding error, previewWithdraw rounds up. if (msg.sender != owner) { uint256 allowed = allowance[owner][msg.sender]; // Saves gas for limited approvals. if (allowed != type(uint256).max) allowance[owner][msg.sender] = allowed - shares; } beforeWithdraw(assets, shares); _burn(owner, shares); emit Withdraw(msg.sender, receiver, owner, assets, shares); asset.safeTransfer(receiver, assets); } function redeem( uint256 shares, address receiver, address owner ) public virtual returns (uint256 assets) { if (msg.sender != owner) { uint256 allowed = allowance[owner][msg.sender]; // Saves gas for limited approvals. if (allowed != type(uint256).max) allowance[owner][msg.sender] = allowed - shares; } // Check for rounding error since we round down in previewRedeem. require((assets = previewRedeem(shares)) != 0, "ZERO_ASSETS"); beforeWithdraw(assets, shares); _burn(owner, shares); emit Withdraw(msg.sender, receiver, owner, assets, shares); asset.safeTransfer(receiver, assets); } // ACCOUNTING LOGIC function totalAssets() public view virtual returns (uint256); function convertToShares(uint256 assets) public view virtual returns (uint256) { uint256 supply = totalSupply; // Saves an extra SLOAD if totalSupply is non-zero. return supply == 0 ? assets : assets.mulDivDown(supply, totalAssets()); } function convertToAssets(uint256 shares) public view virtual returns (uint256) { uint256 supply = totalSupply; // Saves an extra SLOAD if totalSupply is non-zero. return supply == 0 ? shares : shares.mulDivDown(totalAssets(), supply); } function previewDeposit(uint256 assets) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return convertToShares(assets); } function previewMint(uint256 shares) public view virtual returns (uint256) { uint256 supply = totalSupply; // Saves an extra SLOAD if totalSupply is non-zero. return supply == 0 ? shares : shares.mulDivUp(totalAssets(), supply); } function previewWithdraw(uint256 assets) public view virtual returns (uint256) { uint256 supply = totalSupply; // Saves an extra SLOAD if totalSupply is non-zero. return supply == 0 ? assets : assets.mulDivUp(supply, totalAssets()); } function previewRedeem(uint256 shares) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return convertToAssets(shares); } // DEPOSIT/WITHDRAWAL LIMIT LOGIC function maxDeposit(address) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return type(uint256).max; } function maxMint(address) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return type(uint256).max; } function maxWithdraw(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return convertToAssets(balanceOf[owner]); } function maxRedeem(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return balanceOf[owner]; } // INTERNAL HOOKS LOGIC function beforeWithdraw(uint256 assets, uint256 shares) internal virtual {} function afterDeposit(uint256 assets, uint256 shares) internal virtual {} }Advantages of Using ERC-4626 in DeFi Index FundsStandardizationERC-4626 ensures compatibility with DeFi protocols, streamlining integration and scalability.Enhanced EfficiencyTokenized vaults optimize operations through automation and yield generation.User AccessibilityInvestors can easily participate by depositing assets and holding vault tokens, simplifying the process.You may also like | Understanding ERC-404 | The Unofficial Token StandardWrapping Up – The Future of ERC-4626Building a DeFi index fund with ERC-4626 tokenized vaults represents a breakthrough in decentralizing investments. This standard provides a robust framework for secure, efficient, and yield-focused financial products.The adoption of ERC-4626 addresses inefficiencies in DeFi while prioritizing security and composability. As DeFi evolves, ERC-4626 could become the foundation for innovative financial solutions, empowering developers and investors alike. Whether you're building an index fund or other DeFi applications, ERC-4626 paves the way for a more connected and efficient decentralized financial ecosystem. If you're looking to create your own DeFi index fund or need expert guidance on DeFi development, connect with our expert blockchain developers today.

Technology: Blockchain , Node Js more Category: Blockchain

Aditya Sharma

28 Nov 2024

How to Build Automated Market Maker (AMM) Logic in Solidity Automated Market Maker (AMM) model sits at the heart of crypto exchange transformation, a fundamental innovation powering many centralized crypto exchange platforms and decentralized exchanges (DEXs). It is a protocol, integrated using crypto exchange development, that allows cryptocurrency trading without using traditional order books. Instead of matching buy and sell orders, AMMs rely on liquidity pools that use mathematical formulas to determine prices. Users can trade directly with the pool, and prices are adjusted based on supply and demand within the pool.Explore | An Exhaustive Introduction to Automated Market Makers (AMM)Steps to Implement AMM Logic in Solidity1. Setting up the Development EnvironmentInstall Node.js: Node.js is required for running the necessary scripts and tools.Install Hardhat: Hardhat is a development framework for building and testing smart contracts. Install it by running the following command:Create a Hardhat Project: Initialize a new Hardhat project by running: npx hardhat init2. Create the ContractInside the contracts directory, create a new file named Amm.sol. This Solidity file will hold our Amm logic.3. Implement the ContractProgram : // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.27; contract TokenV2SwapAmm{ address private constant UNISWAPV2ROUTER = 0x7a250d5630B4cF539739dF2C5dAcb4c659F2488D; address private constant WETH_TOKEN = 0xC02aaA39b223FE8D0A0e5C4F27eAD9083C756Cc2; address private constant DAI_TOKEN = 0x6B175474E89094C44Da98b954EedeAC495271d0F; address constant USDC_TOKEN = 0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48; IUniswapV2Router private myrouter = IUniswapV2Router(UNISWAPV2ROUTER); IERC20 private weth_token = IERC20(WETH_TOKEN); IERC20 private dai_token = IERC20(DAI_TOKEN); // Swap WETH_TOKEN to DAI_TOKEN function swapSingleHopExactAmountIn(uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { weth_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount_In); weth_token.approve(address(myrouter), amount_In); address[] memory route; route = new address[](2); route[0] = WETH_TOKEN; route[1] = DAI_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapExactTokensForTokens( amount_In, amount_OutMin, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // amounts[0] = WETH_TOKEN amount, amounts[1] = DAI_TOKEN amount return amounts[1]; } // Swap DAI_TOKEN -> WETH_TOKEN -> USDC_TOKEN function swapMultiHopExactAmountIn(uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { dai_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount_In); dai_token.approve(address(myrouter), amount_In); address[] memory route; route = new address[](3); route[0] = DAI_TOKEN; route[1] = WETH_TOKEN; route[2] = USDC_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapExactTokensForTokens( amount_In, amount_OutMin, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // amounts[0] = DAI_TOKEN amount // amounts[1] = WETH_TOKEN amount // amounts[2] = USDC_TOKEN amount return amounts[2]; } // Swap WETH_TOKEN to DAI_TOKEN function swapSingleHopExactAmountOut( uint256 amountOutRequired, uint256 amounttInMaxreq ) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { weth_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amounttInMaxreq); weth_token.approve(address(myrouter), amounttInMaxreq); address[] memory route; route = new address[](2); route[0] = WETH_TOKEN; route[1] = DAI_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapTokensForExactTokens( amountOutRequired, amounttInMaxreq, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // Refund WETH_TOKEN to msg.sender if (amounts[0] < amounttInMaxreq) { weth_token.transfer(msg.sender, amounttInMaxreq - amounts[0]); } return amounts[1]; } // Swap DAI_TOKEN -> WETH_TOKEN -> USDC_TOKEN function swapMultiHopExactAmountOut( uint256 amountOutRequired, uint256 amounttInMaxreq ) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { dai_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amounttInMaxreq); dai_token.approve(address(myrouter), amounttInMaxreq); address[] memory route; route = new address[](3); route[0] = DAI_TOKEN; route[1] = WETH_TOKEN; route[2] = USDC_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapTokensForExactTokens( amountOutRequired, amounttInMaxreq, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // Refund DAI_TOKEN to msg.sender if (amounts[0] < amounttInMaxreq) { dai_token.transfer(msg.sender, amounttInMaxreq - amounts[0]); } return amounts[2]; } } interface IUniswapV2Router { function swapExactTokensForTokens( uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin, address[] calldata route, address to, uint256 deadline ) external returns (uint256[] memory amounts); function swapTokensForExactTokens( uint256 amountOut, uint256 amounttInMaxreq, address[] calldata route, address to, uint256 deadline ) external returns (uint256[] memory amounts); } interface IERC20 { function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256); function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256); function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256); function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); } interface IWETH_TOKEN is IERC20 { function deposit() external payable; function withdraw(uint256 amount) external; }Create the ContractInside the contracts directory, create a new file named Amm.sol. This Solidity file will contain the AMM logic for token swaps.Implement the AMM Logic in SolidityThe following code snippet implements the AMM logic for token swaps using Uniswap's V2 router. async function main() { const Ammswap = await ethers.getContractFactory('TokenV2SwapAmm'); const swap = await Ammswap.deploy(); await swap.deployed(); console.log('Amm logic deployed to:', swap.address); } main().catch((error) => { console.error(error); process.exitCode = 1; }); Testing the Contract1. Write Tests: - In the test directory, create a new file for the tests.- Use Hardhat's testing framework to write tests for your contract.2. Run Tests: npx hardhat test Also, Explore | Identifying Smart Contract Orchestration Patterns in SolidityConclusionCongratulations on implementing Automated Market Maker (AMM) Logic in Solidity and deploying your contract on Ethereum.Ready to take your decentralized Amm swap system to the next level? Contact our expert blockchain developers at Oodles to transform your vision into a robust, feature-rich solution tailored to your specific needs. Let's innovate together and redefine the future of Amm swap.

Technology: SOLIDITY , HTML,CSS more Category: Blockchain

Krishan Chand

28 Nov 2024

Integrating Web3 Authentication into a Next.js Application After web1 and web2, Web3 development is now transforming how users interact with applications by leveraging blockchain technology for authentication and identity management. Integrating Web3 authentication into a Next.js application allows users to log in securely without traditional passwords, relying instead on their crypto wallets, such as MetaMask. This guide walks through the process of integrating Web3 authentication step by step.Also, Check | Embracing Web3 and Metaverse: The Next Digital RevolutionPrerequisitesFamiliarity withNext.js and React.A basic understanding ofEthereum wallets like MetaMask.Node.js installed (preferably v20 or later).An active Ethereum wallet for testing.Explore | Develop a Multi-Token Crypto Wallet for Ethereum with Web3.jsIntegrating Web3 Authentication into a Next.js ApplicationSetting Up a Next.js ApplicationBegin by creating a new Next.js project:npx create-next-app@latest web3-auth-nextjs cd web3-auth-nextjs npm install ethersHere, we use theethers library to interact with Ethereum wallets.Step 1: Adding Wallet Connection LogicCreate a utility for connecting to a wallet. In yourutils folder, add a file namedweb3.js:// utils/web3.js import {ethers }from'ethers'; exportconstconnectWallet=async ()=> { try { if (!window.ethereum) { thrownewError("MetaMask is not installed"); } constprovider=newethers.BrowserProvider(window.ethereum); awaitwindow.ethereum.request({method:'eth_requestAccounts' }); constaccounts=awaitprovider.listAccounts(); constsigner=awaitprovider.getSigner(); if (accounts.length===0) { thrownewError("No accounts found. Please connect a wallet."); } return {provider,signer,account:accounts[0] }; }catch (error) { console.error("Error connecting wallet:",error.message); throwerror; } }; exportconstsignMessage=async (signer,message)=> { try { constsignature=awaitsigner.signMessage(message); returnsignature; }catch (error) { console.error("Error signing message:",error.message); throwerror; } };Step 2: Creating a Web3 Context with ZustandTo manage Web3 states like connection status and account information, use Zustand:npm install zustandThen create a context instore/web3Store.js:// store/web3Store.js import {create }from'zustand'; exportconstuseWeb3Store=create((set)=> ({ account:null, setAccount: (account)=>set({account }), }));Step 3: Building the Login ComponentIncomponents/WalletLogin.js, add the following:"use client"; import {connectWallet,signMessage }from"../utils/web3"; import {useWeb3Store }from"../store/web3Store"; import {useState }from"react"; constWalletLogin= ()=> { const [error,setError]=useState(""); const {account,setAccount }=useWeb3Store(); consthandleLogin=async ()=> { try { const {signer,account }=awaitconnectWallet(); constmessage="Authenticate with Web3"; constsignature=awaitsignMessage(signer,message); console.log("Signature:",signature);// For backend validation setAccount(account?.address); }catch (err) { setError(err.message); } }; return ( <div style={{ display:"flex", flexDirection:"column", alignItems:"center", }} > {account ? ( <p>Connected as:{account}</p> ) : ( <button style={{ padding:12, border:"2px solid #d1d5db", }} onClick={handleLogin} > Connect Wallet </button> )} {error &&<pstyle={{color:"red",marginTop:8 }}>{error}</p>} </div> ); }; exportdefaultWalletLogin; Step 4: Adding Authentication to PagesTo use theWalletLogin component, update yourpages/index.js:importWalletLoginfrom"../components/walletLogin"; exportdefaultfunctionHome() { return ( <divstyle={{padding:16 }}> <h1 style={{ fontSize:24, marginBottom:16, textAlign:"center", }} > Web3 Authentication in Next.js </h1> <WalletLogin/> </div> ); }Step 5: Testing the ApplicationRun the app withnpm run dev.Openhttp://localhost:3000 and clickConnect Wallet.After connecting, your Ethereum address should display.Check the console for the signed message. You can use this data to validate the signature on your backend.You may also like | Developing Cross-Platform Crypto Wallet with Web3.js & ReactEnhancementsSecure Messaging: Use a random nonce as the message to prevent replay attacks.Backend Integration: Send the signature and address to a backend API for verification.Styling: Use Tailwind CSS or Chakra UI for a polished UI.ConclusionIntegrating Web3 authentication into a Next.js app provides a modern, secure login experience for users. By leveraging Ethereum wallets like MetaMask, you reduce reliance on traditional passwords, improving both security and user experience. This setup serves as a foundation for building decentralized applications with seamless Web3 authentication.Feel free to enhance this implementation further by adding features like session persistence, multi-wallet support, or custom authentication flows!At Oodles, our team of expert blockchain developers can help you integrate secure Web3 authentication, decentralized finance (DeFi), and other cutting-edge blockchain solutions into your projects. Get in touch with us today to explore how we can help bring your Web3 ideas to life.

Technology: RUST , NO SQL/MONGODB more Category: Blockchain

Devashish Trehan

25 Nov 2024

How to Write and Deploy Modular Smart Contracts Modular contracts enable highly configurable and upgradeable smart contract development, combining ease of use with security. They consist of two main components:Core Contracts: These form the foundation of the modular system, managing key functions, data storage, and logic. Core contracts include access control mechanisms and define interfaces for module interactions.Module Contracts: These add or remove functionalities to/from core contracts dynamically, allowing for flexibility. Modules can be reused across multiple core contracts, enabling upgrades without redeploying the core contract.How They Work: Modules provide additional functionality via callback and fallback functions that interact with core contracts. Fallback functions operate independently, while callback functions augment core contract logic, enhancing dApp functionality.You may also like | How to Create Play-to-Earn Gaming Smart ContractsSetup | Writing and Deploying Modular Smart ContractsInstall Forge from Foundry and add the modular contract framework:forge init forge install https://github.com/thirdweb-dev/modular-contracts.git forge remappings > remappings.txt ContractThe ERC20Core contract is a type of ERC20 token that combines features from both the ModularCore and the standard ERC20 contract. It names the token "Test Token" and uses "TEST" as its symbol, with the deployer being the owner of the contract. A significant feature is the required beforeMint callback, which allows certain actions to be taken before new tokens are created. The mint function lets users create tokens while ensuring the callback is executed first. The BeforeMintCallback interface makes it easier to add custom logic from other contracts. Overall, ERC20Core offers a flexible way to develop custom tokens while maintaining essential ERC20 functions.// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED pragma solidity ^0.8.13; import {ModularCore} from "lib/modular-contracts/src/ModularCore.sol"; import {ERC20} from "lib/solady/src/tokens/ERC20.sol"; contract ERC20Core is ModularCore, ERC20 { constructor() { _setOwner(msg.sender); } function name() public view override returns (string memory) { return "Test Token"; } function symbol() public view override returns (string memory) { return "TEST"; } function getSupportedCallbackFunctions() public pure virtual override returns (SupportedCallbackFunction[] memory supportedCallbacks) { supportedCallbacks = new SupportedCallbackFunction[](1); supportedCallbacks[0] = SupportedCallbackFunction(BeforeMintCallback.beforeMint.selector, CallbackMode.REQUIRED); } function mint(address to, uint256 amount) external payable { _executeCallbackFunction( BeforeMintCallback.beforeMint.selector, abi.encodeCall(BeforeMintCallback.beforeMint, (to, amount)) ); _mint(to, amount); } } interface BeforeMintCallback { function beforeMint(address to, uint256 amount) external payable; } Also, Read | ERC 4337 : Account Abstraction for Ethereum Smart Contract WalletsThe PricedMint contract is a modular extension designed for token minting, leveraging Ownable for ownership management and ModularExtension for added functionality. It uses the PricedMintStorage module to maintain a structured storage system for the token price. The owner can set the minting price through the setPricePerUnit method. Before minting, the beforeMint function verifies that the provided ether matches the expected price based on the token quantity. If correct, the ether is transferred to the contract owner. The getExtensionConfig function defines the contract's callback and fallback functions, facilitating integration with other modular components.// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED pragma solidity ^0.8.13; import {ModularExtension} from "lib/modular-contracts/src/ModularExtension.sol"; import {Ownable} from "lib/solady/src/auth/Ownable.sol"; library PricedMintStorage { bytes32 public constant PRICED_MINT_STORAGE_POSITION = keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("priced.mint")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff)); struct Data { uint256 pricePerUnit; } function data() internal pure returns (Data storage data_) { bytes32 position = PRICED_MINT_STORAGE_POSITION; assembly { data_.slot := position } } } contract PricedMint is Ownable, ModularExtension { function setPricePerUnit(uint256 price) external onlyOwner { PricedMintStorage.data().pricePerUnit = price; } function beforeMint(address to, uint256 amount) external payable { uint256 pricePerUnit = PricedMintStorage.data().pricePerUnit; uint256 expectedPrice = (amount * pricePerUnit) / 1e18; require(msg.value == expectedPrice, "PricedMint: invalid price sent"); (bool success,) = owner().call{value: msg.value}(""); require(success, "ERC20Core: failed to send value"); } function getExtensionConfig() external pure virtual override returns (ExtensionConfig memory config) { config.callbackFunctions = new CallbackFunction ; config.callbackFunctions[0] = CallbackFunction(this.beforeMint.selector); config.fallbackFunctions = new FallbackFunction ; config.fallbackFunctions[0] = FallbackFunction(this.setPricePerUnit.selector, 0); } } DeployTo deploy the Modular Contract, first get your API Key from the Thirdweb Dashboard. Then run npx thirdweb publish -k "THIRDWEB_API_KEY", replacing "THIRDWEB_API_KEY" with your key. Select "CounterModule," scroll down, click "Next," choose the "Sepolia" network, and click "Publish Contract."For the Core Contract, run npx thirdweb deploy -k "THIRDWEB_API_KEY" in your terminal, replacing "THIRDWEB_API_KEY" with your key. Select "CounterCore," enter the contract owner's address, and click "Deploy Now." Choose the "Sepolia" chain and click "Deploy Now" again to start the deployment.Also, Explore | How to Create a Smart Contract for Lottery SystemConclusionModular contracts represent a design approach in smart contract development that prioritizes flexibility, reusability, and separation of concerns. By breaking down complex functionalities into smaller, interchangeable modules, developers can create more maintainable code and implement updates more easily without losing existing state. Commonly utilized in token standards and decentralized finance (DeFi), modular contracts enhance the creation of decentralized applications (dApps) and promote interoperability, thereby fostering innovation within the blockchain ecosystem. If you are looking for enterprise-grade smart contract development services, connect with our skilled Solidity developers to get started.

Technology: MEAN , PYTHON more Category: Blockchain

Mudit Singh

03 Oct 2024

How to Create Play-to-Earn Gaming Smart Contracts The Play-to-Earn (P2E) model has become a ground-breaking idea in the blockchain game development space as it allows gamers to obtain real-world value by performing in-game tasks. Smart contracts development, which drives these games' transparent and decentralized economies, is at the center of this change.Comprehending the Essential Components of a Play-to-Earn Smart ContractIn essence, a Play-to-Earn gaming smart contract is a set of pre-established guidelines stored on a blockchain and intended to control game-related transactions, asset ownership, and prizes. The main elements of a standard P2E smart contract are as follows:In-Game RewardsPlayers earn tokens or NFTs as they progress through the game. These rewards can be traded or sold in decentralized markets, offering real-world value to players.Also, Read | Tap-to-Earn Games | An Exhaustive Guide to Rewards-Based GamingAsset OwnershipSmart contracts enable true ownership of in-game assets like characters, skins, or items in the form of NFTs. Unlike traditional games, where assets remain under the game developer's control, NFTs grant players full rights over their possessions.Secure TransactionsThe decentralized nature of blockchain ensures that all transactions, whether token earnings or asset trades, are securely recorded and verifiable.Game GovernanceSome Play-to-Earn games incorporate decentralized governance, allowing players to vote on game updates or economic changes through token staking or governance mechanisms built into the smart contract.InteroperabilityThanks to standardized smart contract protocols, many P2E games strive for cross-game compatibility, allowing players to use their NFTs or tokens in other games.Also, Check | How to Create a Simple Crypto Clicker GameAn Easy Play-to-Earn Gaming Smart Contract in Solidity CodeThis is a basic example of implementing a Play-to-Earn smart contract in Solidity, which is the main Ethereum smart contract programming language. Tokens are awarded to participants under this contract when they perform in-game activities.// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; contract PlayToEarnGame { // Token balance mapping for players mapping(address => uint256) public tokenBalance; // Owner of the contract (game developer) address public owner; // Token reward per task completed uint256 public rewardAmount; // Event to notify when a player earns tokens event TokensEarned(address indexed player, uint256 amount); // Modifier to allow only owner to execute specific functions modifier onlyOwner() { require(msg.sender == owner, "Only the owner can perform this action"); _; } constructor(uint256 _rewardAmount) { owner = msg.sender; // Set the contract deployer as the owner rewardAmount = _rewardAmount; // Initialize the token reward per task } // Function to complete a task and earn tokens function completeTask() external { // Increment the player's token balance tokenBalance[msg.sender] += rewardAmount; // Emit an event to notify of the reward emit TokensEarned(msg.sender, rewardAmount); } // Function for the owner to adjust the reward amount function setRewardAmount(uint256 _newAmount) external onlyOwner { rewardAmount = _newAmount; } // Function to allow players to withdraw their tokens function withdrawTokens() external { uint256 playerBalance = tokenBalance[msg.sender]; require(playerBalance > 0, "You have no tokens to withdraw"); // Transfer the tokens to the player payable(msg.sender).transfer(playerBalance); // Reset the player's balance tokenBalance[msg.sender] = 0; } // Fallback function to accept Ether (could be used to fund rewards) receive() external payable {} }You may also like | How To Create a Daily Game Reward System in SolidityPlay-to-Earn Smart Contracts' FuturePlay-to-earn games are about to cause unheard-of disruptions in the gaming business. We anticipate increasingly intricate incentive structures, tokenized economies, and cross-platform gameplay as blockchain technology develops, all of which will improve the gaming experience. If you are looking to develop your game leveraging these emerging decentralized gaming models, connect with our blockchain game developers to get started.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , POSTGRESQL more Category: Blockchain

Prince Balhara

03 Oct 2024

Integrate Raydium Swap Functionality on a Solana Program Solana is recognized as a top platform for blockchain app development due to its low transaction fees and excellent throughput. With its smooth token swaps, yield farming, and liquidity pools, Raydium is a well-known automated market maker (AMM) and liquidity provider among the many protocols that flourish on Solana. Developers wishing to expand on this dynamic environment have many options when integrating Raydium's switch feature into custom Solana software.Also, Explore | How to Develop a Crypto Swap Aggregator PlatformThis blog will guide you through the process of using the Raydium SDK and the Solana Web3.js framework to integrate the swap functionality of Raydium into your Solana program.You may also like | How to Build a Solana Sniper BotUsing Raydium SDK and Solana Web.js to Integrate Swap Functionality on a Solana ProrgramPrerequisites:Node.js is installed on your machine.Solana CLI installed and configured.Basic knowledge of TypeScript and Solana development.A basic understanding of how Raydium works.Setting Up the Environment:npm init -ynpm install @solana/web3.js @solana/spl-token @raydium-io/raydium-sdk decimal.js fs@solana/web3.js: The official Solana JavaScript SDK.@solana/spl-token: A library for interacting with the Solana Program Library (SPL) tokens.@raydium-io/raydium-sdk: The Raydium SDK interacts with the protocol's AMM and liquidity pools.decimal.js: A library for handling arbitrary-precision decimal arithmetic.Also, Explore | SPL-404 Token Standard | Enhancing Utility in the Solana EcosystemConnect with Solana Clusterimport { Connection, clusterApiUrl, Keypair, PublicKey, Transaction } from '@solana/web3.js'; const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl('devnet'), 'confirmed'); console.log("Connected to Solana Devnet");Payer's Keypair Loading:import * as fs from 'fs'; const data = fs.readFileSync('./secret.json', 'utf8'); const secretKey = Uint8Array.from(JSON.parse(data)); const payer = Keypair.fromSecretKey(secretKey); console.log("Payer's public key:", payer.publicKey.toBase58());Creating and Minting SPL Tokensimport { createMint, getMint, mintTo, getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount } from '@solana/spl-token'; const token1 = await createMint(connection, payer, payer.publicKey, null, 9); const token2 = await createMint(connection, payer, payer.publicKey, null, 9); const token1Account = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(connection, payer, token1, payer.publicKey); const token2Account = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(connection, payer, token2, payer.publicKey); await mintTo(connection, payer, token1, token1Account.address, payer.publicKey, 1000000000); // 1000 tokens await mintTo(connection, payer, token2, token2Account.address, payer.publicKey, 1000000000); console.log("Minted tokens and created associated token accounts.");Creating a Liquidity Pool on Raydium:import { Liquidity, DEVNET_PROGRAM_ID, TxVersion, BN } from '@raydium-io/raydium-sdk'; const targetMarketId = Keypair.generate().publicKey; const startTime = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 60 * 60 * 24 * 7; const walletAccount = await getWalletTokenAccount(connection, payer.publicKey); const createPoolTx = await Liquidity.makeCreatePoolV4InstructionV2Simple({ connection, programId: DEVNET_PROGRAM_ID.AmmV4, marketInfo: { marketId: targetMarketId, programId: DEVNET_PROGRAM_ID.OPENBOOK_MARKET, }, baseMintInfo: { mint: token1, decimals: 9 }, quoteMintInfo: { mint: new PublicKey('So11111111111111111111111111111111111111112'), decimals: 9 }, baseAmount: new BN(10000), quoteAmount: new BN(10000), startTime: new BN(Math.floor(startTime)), ownerInfo: { feePayer: payer.publicKey, wallet: payer.publicKey, tokenAccounts: walletAccount, useSOLBalance: true, }, associatedOnly: false, checkCreateATAOwner: true, makeTxVersion: TxVersion.V0, }); console.log("Liquidity pool created on Raydium.");Add Liquidity:const addLiquidityTx = await Liquidity.makeAddLiquidityInstructionSimple({ connection, poolKeys, userKeys: { owner: payer.publicKey, payer: payer.publicKey, tokenAccounts: walletAccount, }, amountInA: new TokenAmount(new Token(TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, token1, 9, 'Token1', 'Token1'), 100), amountInB: maxAnotherAmount, fixedSide: 'a', makeTxVersion, }); console.log("Liquidity added to the pool.");Perform a Swap: const swapInstruction = await Liquidity.makeSwapInstruction({ poolKeys, userKeys: { owner: payer.publicKey, tokenAccountIn: fromTokenAccount, tokenAccountOut: toTokenAccount, }, amountIn, amountOut: minimumAmountOut, fixedSide: "in", }); // Correcting the transaction creation by accessing the correct innerTransaction const transaction = new Transaction().add(...swapInstruction.innerTransaction.instructions); const transactionSignature = await connection.sendTransaction( transaction, [payer], { skipPreflight: false, preflightCommitment: "confirmed" } ); console.log("Swap transaction signature:", transactionSignature);Also, Explore | How to Get the Transaction Logs on SolanaConclusionYou have successfully included Raydium's swap feature into your Solana program by following the instructions provided in this Blog. In the DeFi space, Raydium offers strong tools for swapping and liquidity. If you want to leverage the potential of Solana and Raydium Swap Functionality for your project, connect with our skilled Solana developers to get started.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , POSTGRESQL more Category: Blockchain

Rahul Maurya

02 Oct 2024

How to Build a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction Wallet Understanding Account AbstractionAfter Vitalik presented the idea of account abstraction in 2015, it gained attention. The word "account abstraction" is wide, but to put it briefly, it refers to the abstraction of the inflexibility and inherent structure of user accounts in a blockchain. This allows for network interaction while also increasing their flexibility and adaptability. Instead of relying on the pre-built standard Blockchain rules, suppliers of crypto wallet solutions develop user-friendly accounts with unique logic that allows them to apply their own asset storage and transaction conditions.This lets the wallet control user actions without requiring users to sign transactions or physically hold private keys. Wallet development teams create smart contracts that function as user accounts in these kinds of applications. These contracts have the ability to communicate across programs, work with several accounts, and apply unique logic.Multi-Chain Support: Bridging or cross-chain communication protocols can be used as a way to communicate with several blockchains.Smart Contract Architecture: A primary contract and perhaps a factory for generating wallet instances will make up the wallet.Also, Read | ERC 4337 : Account Abstraction for Ethereum Smart Contract WalletsHow to Build a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction WalletStep1: Recognise the Complexities of Account AbstractionUnderstanding the ins and outs of account abstraction is crucial before starting the Account Abstraction wallet process. This is the process of providing user-friendly designs while severing the connection between user accounts and Blockchain accounts.Step:2 Choose an Appropriate Blockchain PlatformChoose a blockchain platform that either supports it natively or can be improved to do so. As an alternative, you may think about Ethereum, which comes with a tonne of Ethereum Improvement Proposals, including ERC-4337, a common AA idea.Step:3 Establish a Development EnvironmentInstall the necessary development tools, such as Hardhat, Truffle, and Node.js, to create smart contracts. Additionally, the establishment of a blockchain node can be done with Ganache or by connecting it to a testnet, like Rinkeby or Ropsten.Step:4 Make the contracts for smart contractsMake a smart contract that shows which user account is in charge of managing transaction volume and user authentication. It is also advisable to have a central point contract that facilitates communication with account contracts. Utilise proxy patterns to incorporate security measures for contract upgrades.Step:5 DesignAim for straightforward, user-friendly designs while considering the diverse user bases. Success results from keeping people interested in the wallet. The design is shared for approval when it has been created.Step:6 Security Audits and TestingThe smart contracts will undergo extensive testing following the development of the solution. Testing is done in various settings to check for mistakes and defects. For smart contract assessments, vulnerability detection, and remediation, third-party auditors are hired.Step:7 Install on the MainnetThe system is ready for post-launch post-testing and Mainnet security assessments. This stage involves configuring the server environment and deploying the code into the production environment.Step:8 Upkeep and ModificationsExamine the systems for problems, and where necessary, apply upgrades. Assist users who may have queries or encounter problems when using the wallet. As a result, the solution will become reliable and capable over time.Step:9 Marketing & Getting User FeedbackTo attract consumers' attention, the solution is advertised through various means. This covers joint ventures and collaborations, recommendations, social media marketing, and YouTube advertising. The solution is improved by the collection of user input.Also, Check | How to Build a Cryptocurrency Wallet App Like ExodusBuilding a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction WalletExample: - Set Up Hardhat:-If you haven't set up a Hardhat project yet, you can do so with the following commands:mkdir MultiChainWallet cd MultiChainWallet npm init -y npm install --save-dev hardhat npx hardhatAdd the ContractCreate a file named MultiChainWallet.sol in the contracts directory and paste the contract code:// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; interface IERC20 { function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256); } contract MultiChainWallet { mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private balances; mapping(address => bool) private wallets; event WalletCreated(address indexed owner); event Deposit(address indexed user, address indexed token, uint256 amount); event Withdraw(address indexed user, address indexed token, uint256 amount); modifier onlyWallet() { require(wallets[msg.sender], "Wallet does not exist"); _; } function createWallet() external { require(!wallets[msg.sender], "Wallet already exists"); wallets[msg.sender] = true; emit WalletCreated(msg.sender); } function deposit(address token, uint256 amount) external onlyWallet { require(amount > 0, "Invalid amount"); IERC20(token).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount); balances[msg.sender][token] += amount; emit Deposit(msg.sender, token, amount); } function withdraw(address token, uint256 amount) external onlyWallet { require(balances[msg.sender][token] >= amount, "Insufficient balance"); balances[msg.sender][token] -= amount; IERC20(token).transfer(msg.sender, amount); emit Withdraw(msg.sender, token, amount); } function getBalance(address token) external view onlyWallet returns (uint256) { return balances[msg.sender][token]; } } contract MockERC20 is IERC20 { string public name; string public symbol; uint8 public decimals = 18; mapping(address => uint256) private _balances; mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances; constructor(string memory _name, string memory _symbol, address initialAccount, uint256 initialBalance) { name = _name; symbol = _symbol; _balances[initialAccount] = initialBalance; } function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external override returns (bool) { _transfer(msg.sender, recipient, amount); return true; } function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external override returns (bool) { require(amount <= _allowances[sender][msg.sender], "Allowance exceeded"); _approve(sender, msg.sender, _allowances[sender][msg.sender] - amount); _transfer(sender, recipient, amount); return true; } function balanceOf(address account) external view override returns (uint256) { return _balances[account]; } function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool) { _approve(msg.sender, spender, amount); return true; } function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256) { return _allowances[owner][spender]; } function _transfer(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) internal { require(sender != address(0), "Transfer from the zero address"); require(recipient != address(0), "Transfer to the zero address"); require(_balances[sender] >= amount, "Insufficient balance"); _balances[sender] -= amount; _balances[recipient] += amount; } function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) internal { require(owner != address(0), "Approve from the zero address"); require(spender != address(0), "Approve to the zero address"); _allowances[owner][spender] = amount; } } You may also like | What is the Cost of Creating a Crypto Wallet App in 2024Create the Deployment Script:Create a new file named deploy.js in the scripts directory and add the following code:// scripts/deploy.jsasync function main() { const MockERC20 = await ethers.getContractFactory("MockERC20"); const mockToken = await MockERC20.deploy("Mock Token", "MTK", "0xYourAddressHere", ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); await mockToken.deployed(); console.log("MockERC20 deployed to:", mockToken.address); } // Execute the script main() .then(() => process.exit(0)) .catch((error) => { console.error(error); process.exit(1); }); Configure Hardhat NetworkEdit the hardhat.config.js file to configure the network you want to deploy to (for example, the Rinkeby testnet or the local Hardhat network):require('@nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle'); module.exports = { solidity: "0.8.0", networks: { rinkeby: { url: 'https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/YOUR_INFURA_PROJECT_ID', accounts: [`0x${YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY}`] } } }; Create the Test File Create a new file named MultiChainWallet.test.js in the test directory and add the following test cases:// test/MultiChainWallet.test.js// test/MockERC20.test.jsconst { expect } = require("chai"); const { ethers } = require("hardhat"); describe("MockERC20", function () { let mockToken; let owner; let addr1; let addr2; beforeEach(async function () { const MockERC20 = await ethers.getContractFactory("MockERC20"); [owner, addr1, addr2] = await ethers.getSigners(); mockToken = await MockERC20.deploy("Mock Token", "MTK", owner.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); await mockToken.deployed(); }); describe("Deployment", function () { it("Should set the correct name and symbol", async function () { expect(await mockToken.name()).to.equal("Mock Token"); expect(await mockToken.symbol()).to.equal("MTK"); }); it("Should assign the initial balance", async function () { const balance = await mockToken.balanceOf(owner.address); expect(balance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); }); }); describe("Transactions", function () { it("Should transfer tokens between accounts", async function () { await mockToken.transfer(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("100")); const addr1Balance = await mockToken.balanceOf(addr1.address); expect(addr1Balance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("100")); }); it("Should approve tokens for spending", async function () { await mockToken.approve(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); const allowance = await mockToken.allowance(owner.address, addr1.address); expect(allowance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); }); it("Should transfer tokens from one account to another", async function () { await mockToken.approve(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); await mockToken.connect(addr1).transferFrom(owner.address, addr2.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); const addr2Balance = await mockToken.balanceOf(addr2.address); expect(addr2Balance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); }); }); });Also, Read | How to Build a Real-Time Wallet TrackerDeploy the ContractTo deploy the contract, run the following command in your terminal:npx hardhat run scripts/deploy.js --network <network_name>Verify the Deployment:-Once deployed, you should see the contract address in the terminal output. You can verify the deployment on Etherscan (for public networks) or through your local Hardhat node.Overview of the Above Contract:-Deposit Function: The wallet allows users to deposit Ether, with the balance being linked to a particular chain ID.Withdraw Function: Users are able to take their remaining Ether balance for a certain chain out. Execute Function: Using a signature-based verification system, this function enables the owner to carry out transactions on other contracts.Events: For tracking purposes, send out events for deposits, withdrawals, and completed transactions.Explanation of the TestsDeposit Tests: Tests that users can deposit Ether and that their balance is updated accordingly. Checks that the Deposited event is emitted.Withdraw Tests: Ensures that users can withdraw their Ether. Validates that trying to withdraw more than the balance reverts the transaction. Checks that the Withdrawn event is emitted.Execute Tests: Validates that the owner can successfully execute a transaction. Tests that an invalid signature reverts the transaction.Interactions Across Chains: Cross-chain interactions are not specifically handled by this contract. You could utilise bridging mechanisms like Wormhole or LayerZero, oracles, to establish communication between various chains in order to do this.Security: Whenever you work with different chains, make sure to audit your contracts and take into account possible attack routes.Gas Efficiency: When building your functions, especially for cross-chain calls, keep gas expenses in mind.Also, Check | Create an Externally Owned Wallet using Web3J and Spring BootTesting and Deployment:-You can utilise test networks for the individual chains you wish to support together with frameworks like Hardhat or Truffle to deploy and test this contract.Boost Functionality: Include extra features such as role-based access control, support for ERC20 tokens, and recovery methods.Cross-Chain Communication: To move assets between chains, investigate and put into practice cross-chain protocols.User Interface: Using Web3.js or Ethers.js frameworks, create a front-end interface for interacting with the wallet. This ought to provide you with a basic idea of how to construct a Solidity wallet that abstracts multiple chains of accounts. Be sure to modify and enlarge the code in accordance with the specifications of your project!Monetary Benefits of Investing in Account Abstraction Wallet:-Cost is a significant component of Account Abstraction wallet development. It is impacted by numerous factors that bring these apps to life. Let us spotlight these factors in detail:Development Team SizeThe expertise and experience of the development team affect the wallet cost. Hire a skilled team with Blockchain background and consider the cost of developers, designers, blockchain experts and security professionals.Features and ComplexityThe features integrated within the application have a direct influence on the cost. The charges of basic wallets are less, while the advanced ones escalate the cost.Security MeasuresThe significance of powerful security mechanisms can't be understated. The higher the security, the higher the development charges. Make sure that the advanced security mechanisms are integrated, which is a significant investment but gives you peace of mind.Legal and Compliance CostsAddressing complaint measures involves legal consultations and ensuring that the application adheres to local and global regulations. These costs are included in the overall budget.Also, Discover | How to Sign Ledger using Solana Wallet AdapterAccount Abstraction Wallets DrawbacksComplexity: Compared to standard wallets, the architecture may be more intricate, which might increase the likelihood of errors or implementation flaws.Experience of the User: Those who are only familiar with conventional wallets may find it difficult to grasp new ideas like transaction signature off-chain.Difficulties with Onboarding: It might be difficult for novice users to set up and use these wallets efficiently.Smart Contract Weaknesses: The usage of smart contracts exposes users to more risks, including those related to reentrancy attacks, vulnerabilities, and exploits that might result in financial loss.Signature Management: Insecure implementation of off-chain signing techniques may result in compromised private keys.Reliance on Oracles and Bridges: Multi-chain functionality often depends on external oracles and bridging services, which can introduce additional points of failure.Potential Latency: Cross-chain transactions might be slower due to the need for confirmations and interactions with multiple networks.KYC/AML Concerns: Implementing features like KYC for account abstraction wallets could complicate user privacy and lead to regulatory scrutiny.Compliance Complexity: Ensuring compliance across multiple jurisdictions can be challenging and resource-intensive.Interoperability Challenges: Different chains may have varying standards and functionalities, complicating interoperability and the overall user experience.Limited Support: Not all decentralized applications (dApps) may support account abstraction wallets, limiting their usability.If you are looking for assistance to build your blockchain-based project, connect with our skilled blockchain developers to get started.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , REDIS more Category: Blockchain

Kapil Dagar

01 Oct 2024

How to Build a Cross-Chain Bridge Using Solidity and Rust The capacity to transfer assets across networks effortlessly is more important than ever in the ever-changing world of blockchain development. Envision a bridge that unites the Ethereum and Solana worlds, letting tokens move freely while upholding security and openness. In this project, we use the robust programming languages Solidity and Rust to set out on the task of creating a cross-chain bridge. Through utilizing Rust's efficiency for Solana's on-chain logic and Solidity's capabilities for Ethereum smart contracts, our goal is to provide a solid framework that makes token exchanges simple. Whether you're a crypto enthusiast excited to explore new possibilities or a developer trying to improve interoperability, this guide will take you through all the necessary steps to realize this ambitious aim. Now let's dive in.PrerequisitesProgrammingLanguages:Solidity, Javascript/Typescript, and RustIDE:VS-Code and any preferred IDELibraries:ETH:Hardhat, Ethers, Axios, OpenzepplinSOL:Solana Web3.js, Solana Spl-tokenAlso, Explore | How To Build "Buy Me a Coffee" DeFi dApp Using SolidityHow to Build a Cross-Chain Bridge Using Solidity and RustIt's preferred that you setup 3 projects, separately for:I) Ethereum's ERC-20 Token Smart Contract:You'll need to setup node.js, solidity and hardhat in your IDE/ system. So, we'll begin with setting up hardhat code, for example "click-here". Here's the code for the ERC-20 Token using Openzepplin's library.code.................................................................................................. // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol"; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol"; contract Testtoken is ERC20, Ownable { event BurnAndMoveToSolana(address indexed user, string solanaAddress, uint256 amount); event MintFromSolana(address indexed user, uint256 amount); address public relayer; constructor() ERC20("EthereumToken", "ETHR") Ownable(msg.sender){ _mint(msg.sender, 1000000 * (10 ** decimals()));// change amount as per your understanding } modifier onlyRelayer() { require(msg.sender == relayer, "Not authorized"); _; } function setRelayer(address _relayer) external onlyOwner { relayer = _relayer; } function burnAndMoveToSolana(uint256 amount, string memory solanaAddress) external {// main transfering function _burn(msg.sender, amount); emit BurnAndMoveToSolana(msg.sender, solanaAddress, amount); } function mintFromSolana(address to, uint256 amount) external onlyRelayer { _mint(to, amount); emit MintFromSolana(to, amount); } event TokensBurned(address indexed from, address indexed solanaAddress, uint256 amount); }You may also like | Building a Decentralized Voting System with Solidity and Hardhat2) Solana's SPL Token Program:You'll need to setup node.js, Solana, and Rust in your IDE/ system. To begin with, we'll set-up a empty solana-sdk code. Here's the full code/implementation for the SPL Token using Solana-web3.js & Solana spl-token.code................................................................................................. const { Connection, Keypair, PublicKey, clusterApiUrl, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL } = require('@solana/web3.js'); const { createMint, getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount, mintTo, getAccount, burn } = require('@solana/spl-token'); async function mintAndBurnTokens(connection, fromWallet, tokenAccount, mint, amountToMint, amountToBurn, ethAddress) { await mintTo( connection, fromWallet, mint, tokenAccount.address, fromWallet.publicKey, amountToMint ); console.log(`Minted ${amountToMint / (10 ** 9)} tokens to your associated token account.`); const tokenAccountBalance = await getAccount(connection, tokenAccount.address); console.log(`Token account balance after minting: ${Number(tokenAccountBalance.amount) / (10 ** 9)} tokens`); if (Number(tokenAccountBalance.amount) < amountToBurn) { console.log(`Insufficient funds. Current balance: ${Number(tokenAccountBalance.amount) / (10 ** 9)} tokens.`); return; } await burn( connection, fromWallet, tokenAccount.address, mint, fromWallet.publicKey, amountToBurn ); console.log(`Burned ${amountToBurn / (10 ** 9)} tokens from ${fromWallet.publicKey} and moving to Ethereum wallet ${ethAddress}.`); console.log(`Relaying burn event to Ethereum relayer for Ethereum wallet: ${ethAddress}, amount: ${amountToBurn / (10 ** 9)}.`); } (async () => { const fromWallet = Keypair.fromSecretKey(new Uint8Array([your,secret,keypair])); const ethAddress = "0xyourAddress";//add your eth wallet address const mintAmount = 100000 * 10 ** 9;// amount of SPL tokens to mint const burnAmount = 1000 * 10 ** 9;// amount of SPL tokens to burn/transfer const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl('devnet'), 'confirmed');// put your preferred cluster console.log('Creating SPL token...'); const mint = await createMint( connection, fromWallet, fromWallet.publicKey, null, 9 ); const fromTokenAccount = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount( connection, fromWallet, mint, fromWallet.publicKey ); console.log('Minting tokens...'); await mintAndBurnTokens(connection, fromWallet, fromTokenAccount, mint, mintAmount, burnAmount, ethAddress); console.log(`View token account on Solana Explorer: https://explorer.solana.com/address/${fromTokenAccount.address}?cluster=devnet`); })(); ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////Also, Read | How To Create a Daily Game Reward System in Solidity3) Relayer-Bridge Project:In order to facilitate safe and transparent token transfers between two blockchains, a relayer-bridge project serves as an essential bridge. Using smart contracts and event listeners, the relayer in the Ethereum and Solana context watches on particular occurrences on one blockchain, like an Ethereum token burn. When the relayer notices one of these events, it sends the required information—such as the recipient's address and the quantity of tokens—to the other chain so that the corresponding action—like minting the tokens on Solana—can take place there. In order to preserve network balance, this bi-directional communication makes sure that tokens burned on one chain are minted on the other. In order to smoothly connect the two ecosystems, the relayer's job is to validate and relay these transactions without sacrificing security or speed.Here's the Code for the Relayer-Bridge :code.................................................................................................. const WebSocket = require("ws"); const { ethers } = require("ethers"); const fs = require("fs"); require('dotenv').config(); const wsUrl = "wss://api.devnet.solana.com";//your desired network const connection = new WebSocket(wsUrl); const provider = new ethers.WebSocketProvider(process.env.ETH_WSS_URL); const wallet = new ethers.Wallet(process.env.ETH_PRIVATE_KEY, provider); const contractAddress = process.env.ETH_CONTRACT_ADDRESS; const abi = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync("./path_to_your/eth_contract_abi.json")); const contract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, abi, wallet); connection.on("open", () => { console.log("Connected to Solana WebSocket"); const subscriptionMessage = JSON.stringify({ jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 1, method: "logsSubscribe", params: [ { mentions: [""],// Your SPL token address }, { commitment: "finalized", }, ], }); connection.send(subscriptionMessage); }); connection.on("message", async (data) => { const response = JSON.parse(data); if (response.method === "logsNotification") { const logData = response.params.result; // Check if the log indicates a burn if (isBurnLog(logData)) { const amountBurned = extractBurnAmount(logData); console.log(`Burn detected: ${amountBurned} tokens`); await mintTokens(amountBurned); } } else { console.log("Received message:", response); } }); connection.on("close", () => { console.log("Connection closed"); }); connection.on("error", (error) => { console.error("WebSocket error:", error); }); // Function to Check the log data structure to confirm it's a burn event function isBurnLog(logData) { return logData && logData.err === null && logData.logs && logData.logs.some(log => log.includes("burn")); } // Function to extract the amount burned from the log data function extractBurnAmount(logData) { const amountLog = logData.logs.find(log => log.includes("burn")); if (amountLog) { const amount =/* logic to parse your burn amount format */; return parseFloat(amount);// Return the amount as a number } return 0; } // Function to mint tokens on Ethereum async function mintTokens(amount) { try { const tx = await contract.mint(wallet.address, ethers.utils.parseUnits(amount.toString(), 18)); console.log(`Mint transaction sent: ${tx.hash}`); await tx.wait(); console.log("Minting successful"); } catch (error) { console.error("Minting failed:", error); } } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////This part of the relayer works for the transfer of SPL tokens to the ERC-20 tokens on Ethereum. Similarly, we can perform the transfer of ERC-20 tokens to SPL Tokens on the Solana blockchain, burn them, and its functionality will trigger the SPL Token's mint function to complete the cross-chain transaction.Also, Discover | How to Create a MultiSig Wallet in SolidityConclusionIn conclusion, creating a relayer-equipped cross-chain bridge enables users to transfer assets between Ethereum and Solana with ease, opening up a world of decentralised opportunities. Utilising Solidity and Rust's respective advantages, you can build a scalable, secure solution that connects two robust blockchain ecosystems. This project shapes the future of decentralised finance by paving the ground for true blockchain interoperability with the correct tools and knowledge. Connect with our skilled Solidity developers to bring your blockchain-related vision into reality.

Technology: MEAN , PYTHON more Category: Blockchain

Ashish Gushain

30 Sep 2024

Building a Custom Blockchain Consensus Mechanism Blockchain technology relies on consensus algorithms to validate transactions and maintain network integrity. While public blockchains use popular algorithms like Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS), private blockchains often require a custom consensus mechanism tailored to their specific needs. In this blog, we'll explore how to build a custom consensus algorithm for a private blockchain, ensuring it's secure, efficient, and meets your business requirements. For more about blockchain, visit our blockchain development services.What is a Consensus Algorithm?A consensus algorithm is a mechanism that allows all participants in a blockchain network to agree on the state of the ledger. This agreement ensures that the data in the blockchain is accurate and prevents fraudulent transactions or data tampering.Why Build a Custom Consensus Algorithm for a Private Blockchain?Control: Private blockchains are often used by organizations that want control over who can participate in the network.Efficiency: Custom algorithms can be designed to be more efficient for smaller networks, reducing transaction confirmation times.Security: Tailored algorithms provide an extra layer of security by addressing specific threats relevant to the private blockchain environment.Also, Check | How to Create Your Own Private Blockchain using CosmosChoosing a Suitable Consensus AlgorithmBefore we start building, let's briefly discuss different consensus algorithms that can inspire your custom model:Proof of Authority (PoA):Only trusted nodes can validate transactions, suitable for private networks with a small number of participants.Raft Consensus:A leader-based approach where one node is elected as the leader to manage transactions.Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT):Handles faulty nodes and works efficiently in networks with up to one-third of malicious participants.Also, Explore | How to Utilize Rollup-as-a-Service for Maximum EfficiencyStep-by-Step Guide to Building the Custom Consensus AlgorithmStep 1: Define the Blockchain StructureBlock Class class Block { constructor(index, timestamp, data, previousHash = '') { this.index = index; // Position of the block in the chain this.timestamp = timestamp; // The time when this block was created this.data = data; // Information to be stored in the block (e.g., transactions) this.previousHash = previousHash; // Hash of the previous block in the chain this.hash = this.calculateHash(); // Unique identifier generated for this block this.validator = null; // The validator node that approves this block } delves calculateHash() { return CryptoJS.SHA256( this.index + this.timestamp + JSON.stringify(this.data) + this.previousHash ).toString(); } }Detailed Breakdown:Each block has an index, timestamp, data, previousHash, hash, and validator. The calculateHash() function combines the block's properties and generates a unique hash using the SHA-256 algorithm. This hash ensures that even a small change in the block's data will result in a completely different hash, making the blockchain tamper-resistant.Key Point: In blockchain, the hash acts like a digital fingerprint for each block. It's crucial because it ensures that data within the block hasn't been altered.Also, Read | How ShadCN is better than AndDBlockchain Class class Blockchain { constructor() { this.chain = [this.createGenesisBlock()]; // Initialize the blockchain with the first block this.validators = ['Node1', 'Node2', 'Node3']; // Nodes authorized to validate new blocks } createGenesisBlock() { return new Block(0, '01/01/2024', 'Genesis Block', '0'); // First block with no previous hash } getLatestBlock() { return this.chain[this.chain.length - 1]; // Fetch the last block added to the chain } addBlock(newBlock) { newBlock.previousHash = this.getLatestBlock().hash; // Connect the new block to the previous one newBlock.hash = newBlock.calculateHash(); // Calculate the hash based on the new block's data // Apply the consensus mechanism newBlock.validator = this.selectValidator(); if (this.isBlockValid(newBlock)) { this.chain.push(newBlock); // Add the block to the chain if valid console.log(`Block approved by: ${newBlock.validator}`); } else { console.log('Block rejected'); } } isBlockValid(block) { // Ensure the selected validator is authorized return this.validators.includes(block.validator); } selectValidator() { // Randomly choose a validator to approve the block const selectedValidator = this.validators[Math.floor(Math.random() * this.validators.length)]; return selectedValidator; } isChainValid() { for (let i = 1; i < this.chain.length; i++) { const currentBlock = this.chain[i]; const previousBlock = this.chain[i - 1]; // Check the integrity of the block if (currentBlock.hash !== currentBlock.calculateHash()) return false; // Verify the chain linkage if (currentBlock.previousHash !== previousBlock.hash) return false; } return true; } }Genesis Block:The genesis block is the first block in the blockchain. It's created with index = 0 and has a previousHash of '0' because it doesn't have any predecessor.addBlock(newBlock):The addBlock function adds a new block to the blockchain, ensuring the chain's integrity by setting previousHash to the hash of the latest block.The selectValidator function randomly picks a validator node to approve the block. If approved by an authorized validator, the block is added to the blockchain.selectValidator():The selectValidator function represents the core of our Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism. Here, validators are chosen at random, but you can enhance this logic based on factors like node reputation or stake.isChainValid():This function verifies the integrity of the entire blockchain. It ensures that each block's hash matches the recalculated hash using calculateHash() and that previousHash correctly links to the preceding block.Important Concept: The blockchain maintains its integrity through these hashes. Any change to a block's data would alter its hash, breaking the chain's continuity and making tampering evident.You may also like | How to Swap Tokens on Uniswap V3Step 2: Testing the BlockchainLet's test our custom blockchain:let myBlockchain = new Blockchain(); myBlockchain.addBlock(new Block(1, '02/01/2024', { amount: 100 })); myBlockchain.addBlock(new Block(2, '03/01/2024', { amount: 200 })); console.log(JSON.stringify(myBlockchain, null, 4)); console.log('Is blockchain valid? ' + myBlockchain.isChainValid());Explanation:We create an instance of Blockchain and add two blocks with transaction data { amount: 100 } and { amount: 200 }.Finally, we print the entire blockchain to see its structure and check its validity using isChainValid().Also, Discover | How to Develop a Layer 1 BlockchainEnhancing the Consensus Mechanism: VotingThe basic algorithm randomly selects a validator to approve a block. For more security, we introduced a voting mechanism where multiple validators decide.Voting Mechanism ExampleaddBlock(newBlock) { newBlock.previousHash = this.getLatestBlock().hash; newBlock.hash = newBlock.calculateHash(); let approvalCount = 0; // Simulate voting by validators this.validators.forEach(validator => { if (Math.random() > 0.4) { console.log(`${validator} approved the block`); approvalCount++; } else { console.log(`${validator} rejected the block`); } }); if (approvalCount >= 2) { this.chain.push(newBlock); console.log(`Block approved with ${approvalCount} votes`); } else { console.log('Block rejected'); } }Detailed Explanation:The block requires approval from at least 2 out of 3 validators. For each validator, there's a 60% chance of approving the block (Math.random() > 0.4). This mechanism ensures that no single validator can make decisions, providing greater security and trust.Also, Read | How to Access Private Data in Smart ContractsReal-World SignificancePrivate Network: In a corporate setting, this custom algorithm ensures that only authorized participants can validate transactions.Security: By implementing a voting mechanism, you reduce the risk of fraudulent activities, as multiple validators must approve each transaction.Scalability: Custom algorithms are optimised for small, private networks, reducing transaction confirmation times compared to public blockchains.Also, Check | How to Fork Ethereum with HardhatConclusionThis detailed explanation covers how to create a custom consensus algorithm tailored to a private blockchain using concepts from the Proof of Authority (PoA) and introduces voting mechanisms. By understanding how validators are selected, how blocks are validated, and how consensus is achieved, you now have a solid foundation for implementing custom blockchain solutions.You can expand this model into a more robust solution by implementing advanced features like reputation tracking, penalty mechanisms for dishonest nodes, or integrating cryptographic signatures for additional security.By experimenting with this code, you'll gain practical experience and develop a deeper understanding of consensus algorithms, preparing you for more advanced blockchain projects. Feel free to modify and experiment with the code to match your specific requirements!Key TakeawaysUnderstand your network's needs: Tailor your algorithm for efficiency, security, and control.Customize validation logic: Implement mechanisms like voting or reputation to enhance the consensus process.Experiment and iterate: Continuously test and refine your algorithm to achieve optimal performance.This blog should help you understand how to build a custom consensus algorithm and implement it in a private blockchain. Feel free to modify and enhance the code to suit your specific requirements. In case if you are looking for blockchain development services, connect with our skilled blockchain developers to get started.

Technology: MEAN , PYTHON more Category: Blockchain

Ashutosh Modanwal

28 Sep 2024

Hire the Best Angular/AngularJS Developer

Related Skills

Skills Blog Posts