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How to Build Automated Market Maker (AMM) Logic in Solidity Automated Market Maker (AMM) model sits at the heart of crypto exchange transformation, a fundamental innovation powering many centralized crypto exchange platforms and decentralized exchanges (DEXs). It is a protocol, integrated using crypto exchange development, that allows cryptocurrency trading without using traditional order books. Instead of matching buy and sell orders, AMMs rely on liquidity pools that use mathematical formulas to determine prices. Users can trade directly with the pool, and prices are adjusted based on supply and demand within the pool.Explore | An Exhaustive Introduction to Automated Market Makers (AMM)Steps to Implement AMM Logic in Solidity1. Setting up the Development EnvironmentInstall Node.js: Node.js is required for running the necessary scripts and tools.Install Hardhat: Hardhat is a development framework for building and testing smart contracts. Install it by running the following command:Create a Hardhat Project: Initialize a new Hardhat project by running: npx hardhat init2. Create the ContractInside the contracts directory, create a new file named Amm.sol. This Solidity file will hold our Amm logic.3. Implement the ContractProgram : // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.27; contract TokenV2SwapAmm{ address private constant UNISWAPV2ROUTER = 0x7a250d5630B4cF539739dF2C5dAcb4c659F2488D; address private constant WETH_TOKEN = 0xC02aaA39b223FE8D0A0e5C4F27eAD9083C756Cc2; address private constant DAI_TOKEN = 0x6B175474E89094C44Da98b954EedeAC495271d0F; address constant USDC_TOKEN = 0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48; IUniswapV2Router private myrouter = IUniswapV2Router(UNISWAPV2ROUTER); IERC20 private weth_token = IERC20(WETH_TOKEN); IERC20 private dai_token = IERC20(DAI_TOKEN); // Swap WETH_TOKEN to DAI_TOKEN function swapSingleHopExactAmountIn(uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { weth_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount_In); weth_token.approve(address(myrouter), amount_In); address[] memory route; route = new address[](2); route[0] = WETH_TOKEN; route[1] = DAI_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapExactTokensForTokens( amount_In, amount_OutMin, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // amounts[0] = WETH_TOKEN amount, amounts[1] = DAI_TOKEN amount return amounts[1]; } // Swap DAI_TOKEN -> WETH_TOKEN -> USDC_TOKEN function swapMultiHopExactAmountIn(uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { dai_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount_In); dai_token.approve(address(myrouter), amount_In); address[] memory route; route = new address[](3); route[0] = DAI_TOKEN; route[1] = WETH_TOKEN; route[2] = USDC_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapExactTokensForTokens( amount_In, amount_OutMin, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // amounts[0] = DAI_TOKEN amount // amounts[1] = WETH_TOKEN amount // amounts[2] = USDC_TOKEN amount return amounts[2]; } // Swap WETH_TOKEN to DAI_TOKEN function swapSingleHopExactAmountOut( uint256 amountOutRequired, uint256 amounttInMaxreq ) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { weth_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amounttInMaxreq); weth_token.approve(address(myrouter), amounttInMaxreq); address[] memory route; route = new address[](2); route[0] = WETH_TOKEN; route[1] = DAI_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapTokensForExactTokens( amountOutRequired, amounttInMaxreq, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // Refund WETH_TOKEN to msg.sender if (amounts[0] < amounttInMaxreq) { weth_token.transfer(msg.sender, amounttInMaxreq - amounts[0]); } return amounts[1]; } // Swap DAI_TOKEN -> WETH_TOKEN -> USDC_TOKEN function swapMultiHopExactAmountOut( uint256 amountOutRequired, uint256 amounttInMaxreq ) external returns (uint256 amountOut) { dai_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amounttInMaxreq); dai_token.approve(address(myrouter), amounttInMaxreq); address[] memory route; route = new address[](3); route[0] = DAI_TOKEN; route[1] = WETH_TOKEN; route[2] = USDC_TOKEN; uint256[] memory amounts = myrouter.swapTokensForExactTokens( amountOutRequired, amounttInMaxreq, route, msg.sender, block.timestamp ); // Refund DAI_TOKEN to msg.sender if (amounts[0] < amounttInMaxreq) { dai_token.transfer(msg.sender, amounttInMaxreq - amounts[0]); } return amounts[2]; } } interface IUniswapV2Router { function swapExactTokensForTokens( uint256 amount_In, uint256 amount_OutMin, address[] calldata route, address to, uint256 deadline ) external returns (uint256[] memory amounts); function swapTokensForExactTokens( uint256 amountOut, uint256 amounttInMaxreq, address[] calldata route, address to, uint256 deadline ) external returns (uint256[] memory amounts); } interface IERC20 { function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256); function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256); function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256); function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); } interface IWETH_TOKEN is IERC20 { function deposit() external payable; function withdraw(uint256 amount) external; }Create the ContractInside the contracts directory, create a new file named Amm.sol. This Solidity file will contain the AMM logic for token swaps.Implement the AMM Logic in SolidityThe following code snippet implements the AMM logic for token swaps using Uniswap's V2 router. async function main() { const Ammswap = await ethers.getContractFactory('TokenV2SwapAmm'); const swap = await Ammswap.deploy(); await swap.deployed(); console.log('Amm logic deployed to:', swap.address); } main().catch((error) => { console.error(error); process.exitCode = 1; }); Testing the Contract1. Write Tests: - In the test directory, create a new file for the tests.- Use Hardhat's testing framework to write tests for your contract.2. Run Tests: npx hardhat test Also, Explore | Identifying Smart Contract Orchestration Patterns in SolidityConclusionCongratulations on implementing Automated Market Maker (AMM) Logic in Solidity and deploying your contract on Ethereum.Ready to take your decentralized Amm swap system to the next level? Contact our expert blockchain developers at Oodles to transform your vision into a robust, feature-rich solution tailored to your specific needs. Let's innovate together and redefine the future of Amm swap.

Technology: SOLIDITY , HTML,CSS more Category: Blockchain

Krishan Chand

28 Nov 2024

Integrating Web3 Authentication into a Next.js Application After web1 and web2, Web3 development is now transforming how users interact with applications by leveraging blockchain technology for authentication and identity management. Integrating Web3 authentication into a Next.js application allows users to log in securely without traditional passwords, relying instead on their crypto wallets, such as MetaMask. This guide walks through the process of integrating Web3 authentication step by step.Also, Check | Embracing Web3 and Metaverse: The Next Digital RevolutionPrerequisitesFamiliarity withNext.js and React.A basic understanding ofEthereum wallets like MetaMask.Node.js installed (preferably v20 or later).An active Ethereum wallet for testing.Explore | Develop a Multi-Token Crypto Wallet for Ethereum with Web3.jsIntegrating Web3 Authentication into a Next.js ApplicationSetting Up a Next.js ApplicationBegin by creating a new Next.js project:npx create-next-app@latest web3-auth-nextjs cd web3-auth-nextjs npm install ethersHere, we use theethers library to interact with Ethereum wallets.Step 1: Adding Wallet Connection LogicCreate a utility for connecting to a wallet. In yourutils folder, add a file namedweb3.js:// utils/web3.js import {ethers }from'ethers'; exportconstconnectWallet=async ()=> { try { if (!window.ethereum) { thrownewError("MetaMask is not installed"); } constprovider=newethers.BrowserProvider(window.ethereum); awaitwindow.ethereum.request({method:'eth_requestAccounts' }); constaccounts=awaitprovider.listAccounts(); constsigner=awaitprovider.getSigner(); if (accounts.length===0) { thrownewError("No accounts found. Please connect a wallet."); } return {provider,signer,account:accounts[0] }; }catch (error) { console.error("Error connecting wallet:",error.message); throwerror; } }; exportconstsignMessage=async (signer,message)=> { try { constsignature=awaitsigner.signMessage(message); returnsignature; }catch (error) { console.error("Error signing message:",error.message); throwerror; } };Step 2: Creating a Web3 Context with ZustandTo manage Web3 states like connection status and account information, use Zustand:npm install zustandThen create a context instore/web3Store.js:// store/web3Store.js import {create }from'zustand'; exportconstuseWeb3Store=create((set)=> ({ account:null, setAccount: (account)=>set({account }), }));Step 3: Building the Login ComponentIncomponents/WalletLogin.js, add the following:"use client"; import {connectWallet,signMessage }from"../utils/web3"; import {useWeb3Store }from"../store/web3Store"; import {useState }from"react"; constWalletLogin= ()=> { const [error,setError]=useState(""); const {account,setAccount }=useWeb3Store(); consthandleLogin=async ()=> { try { const {signer,account }=awaitconnectWallet(); constmessage="Authenticate with Web3"; constsignature=awaitsignMessage(signer,message); console.log("Signature:",signature);// For backend validation setAccount(account?.address); }catch (err) { setError(err.message); } }; return ( <div style={{ display:"flex", flexDirection:"column", alignItems:"center", }} > {account ? ( <p>Connected as:{account}</p> ) : ( <button style={{ padding:12, border:"2px solid #d1d5db", }} onClick={handleLogin} > Connect Wallet </button> )} {error &&<pstyle={{color:"red",marginTop:8 }}>{error}</p>} </div> ); }; exportdefaultWalletLogin; Step 4: Adding Authentication to PagesTo use theWalletLogin component, update yourpages/index.js:importWalletLoginfrom"../components/walletLogin"; exportdefaultfunctionHome() { return ( <divstyle={{padding:16 }}> <h1 style={{ fontSize:24, marginBottom:16, textAlign:"center", }} > Web3 Authentication in Next.js </h1> <WalletLogin/> </div> ); }Step 5: Testing the ApplicationRun the app withnpm run dev.Openhttp://localhost:3000 and clickConnect Wallet.After connecting, your Ethereum address should display.Check the console for the signed message. You can use this data to validate the signature on your backend.You may also like | Developing Cross-Platform Crypto Wallet with Web3.js & ReactEnhancementsSecure Messaging: Use a random nonce as the message to prevent replay attacks.Backend Integration: Send the signature and address to a backend API for verification.Styling: Use Tailwind CSS or Chakra UI for a polished UI.ConclusionIntegrating Web3 authentication into a Next.js app provides a modern, secure login experience for users. By leveraging Ethereum wallets like MetaMask, you reduce reliance on traditional passwords, improving both security and user experience. This setup serves as a foundation for building decentralized applications with seamless Web3 authentication.Feel free to enhance this implementation further by adding features like session persistence, multi-wallet support, or custom authentication flows!At Oodles, our team of expert blockchain developers can help you integrate secure Web3 authentication, decentralized finance (DeFi), and other cutting-edge blockchain solutions into your projects. Get in touch with us today to explore how we can help bring your Web3 ideas to life.

Technology: RUST , NO SQL/MONGODB more Category: Blockchain

Devashish Trehan

25 Nov 2024

How to Write and Deploy Modular Smart Contracts Modular contracts enable highly configurable and upgradeable smart contract development, combining ease of use with security. They consist of two main components:Core Contracts: These form the foundation of the modular system, managing key functions, data storage, and logic. Core contracts include access control mechanisms and define interfaces for module interactions.Module Contracts: These add or remove functionalities to/from core contracts dynamically, allowing for flexibility. Modules can be reused across multiple core contracts, enabling upgrades without redeploying the core contract.How They Work: Modules provide additional functionality via callback and fallback functions that interact with core contracts. Fallback functions operate independently, while callback functions augment core contract logic, enhancing dApp functionality.You may also like | How to Create Play-to-Earn Gaming Smart ContractsSetup | Writing and Deploying Modular Smart ContractsInstall Forge from Foundry and add the modular contract framework:forge init forge install https://github.com/thirdweb-dev/modular-contracts.git forge remappings > remappings.txt ContractThe ERC20Core contract is a type of ERC20 token that combines features from both the ModularCore and the standard ERC20 contract. It names the token "Test Token" and uses "TEST" as its symbol, with the deployer being the owner of the contract. A significant feature is the required beforeMint callback, which allows certain actions to be taken before new tokens are created. The mint function lets users create tokens while ensuring the callback is executed first. The BeforeMintCallback interface makes it easier to add custom logic from other contracts. Overall, ERC20Core offers a flexible way to develop custom tokens while maintaining essential ERC20 functions.// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED pragma solidity ^0.8.13; import {ModularCore} from "lib/modular-contracts/src/ModularCore.sol"; import {ERC20} from "lib/solady/src/tokens/ERC20.sol"; contract ERC20Core is ModularCore, ERC20 { constructor() { _setOwner(msg.sender); } function name() public view override returns (string memory) { return "Test Token"; } function symbol() public view override returns (string memory) { return "TEST"; } function getSupportedCallbackFunctions() public pure virtual override returns (SupportedCallbackFunction[] memory supportedCallbacks) { supportedCallbacks = new SupportedCallbackFunction[](1); supportedCallbacks[0] = SupportedCallbackFunction(BeforeMintCallback.beforeMint.selector, CallbackMode.REQUIRED); } function mint(address to, uint256 amount) external payable { _executeCallbackFunction( BeforeMintCallback.beforeMint.selector, abi.encodeCall(BeforeMintCallback.beforeMint, (to, amount)) ); _mint(to, amount); } } interface BeforeMintCallback { function beforeMint(address to, uint256 amount) external payable; } Also, Read | ERC 4337 : Account Abstraction for Ethereum Smart Contract WalletsThe PricedMint contract is a modular extension designed for token minting, leveraging Ownable for ownership management and ModularExtension for added functionality. It uses the PricedMintStorage module to maintain a structured storage system for the token price. The owner can set the minting price through the setPricePerUnit method. Before minting, the beforeMint function verifies that the provided ether matches the expected price based on the token quantity. If correct, the ether is transferred to the contract owner. The getExtensionConfig function defines the contract's callback and fallback functions, facilitating integration with other modular components.// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED pragma solidity ^0.8.13; import {ModularExtension} from "lib/modular-contracts/src/ModularExtension.sol"; import {Ownable} from "lib/solady/src/auth/Ownable.sol"; library PricedMintStorage { bytes32 public constant PRICED_MINT_STORAGE_POSITION = keccak256(abi.encode(uint256(keccak256("priced.mint")) - 1)) & ~bytes32(uint256(0xff)); struct Data { uint256 pricePerUnit; } function data() internal pure returns (Data storage data_) { bytes32 position = PRICED_MINT_STORAGE_POSITION; assembly { data_.slot := position } } } contract PricedMint is Ownable, ModularExtension { function setPricePerUnit(uint256 price) external onlyOwner { PricedMintStorage.data().pricePerUnit = price; } function beforeMint(address to, uint256 amount) external payable { uint256 pricePerUnit = PricedMintStorage.data().pricePerUnit; uint256 expectedPrice = (amount * pricePerUnit) / 1e18; require(msg.value == expectedPrice, "PricedMint: invalid price sent"); (bool success,) = owner().call{value: msg.value}(""); require(success, "ERC20Core: failed to send value"); } function getExtensionConfig() external pure virtual override returns (ExtensionConfig memory config) { config.callbackFunctions = new CallbackFunction ; config.callbackFunctions[0] = CallbackFunction(this.beforeMint.selector); config.fallbackFunctions = new FallbackFunction ; config.fallbackFunctions[0] = FallbackFunction(this.setPricePerUnit.selector, 0); } } DeployTo deploy the Modular Contract, first get your API Key from the Thirdweb Dashboard. Then run npx thirdweb publish -k "THIRDWEB_API_KEY", replacing "THIRDWEB_API_KEY" with your key. Select "CounterModule," scroll down, click "Next," choose the "Sepolia" network, and click "Publish Contract."For the Core Contract, run npx thirdweb deploy -k "THIRDWEB_API_KEY" in your terminal, replacing "THIRDWEB_API_KEY" with your key. Select "CounterCore," enter the contract owner's address, and click "Deploy Now." Choose the "Sepolia" chain and click "Deploy Now" again to start the deployment.Also, Explore | How to Create a Smart Contract for Lottery SystemConclusionModular contracts represent a design approach in smart contract development that prioritizes flexibility, reusability, and separation of concerns. By breaking down complex functionalities into smaller, interchangeable modules, developers can create more maintainable code and implement updates more easily without losing existing state. Commonly utilized in token standards and decentralized finance (DeFi), modular contracts enhance the creation of decentralized applications (dApps) and promote interoperability, thereby fostering innovation within the blockchain ecosystem. If you are looking for enterprise-grade smart contract development services, connect with our skilled Solidity developers to get started.

Technology: MEAN , PYTHON more Category: Blockchain

Mudit Singh

03 Oct 2024

How to Create Play-to-Earn Gaming Smart Contracts The Play-to-Earn (P2E) model has become a ground-breaking idea in the blockchain game development space as it allows gamers to obtain real-world value by performing in-game tasks. Smart contracts development, which drives these games' transparent and decentralized economies, is at the center of this change.Comprehending the Essential Components of a Play-to-Earn Smart ContractIn essence, a Play-to-Earn gaming smart contract is a set of pre-established guidelines stored on a blockchain and intended to control game-related transactions, asset ownership, and prizes. The main elements of a standard P2E smart contract are as follows:In-Game RewardsPlayers earn tokens or NFTs as they progress through the game. These rewards can be traded or sold in decentralized markets, offering real-world value to players.Also, Read | Tap-to-Earn Games | An Exhaustive Guide to Rewards-Based GamingAsset OwnershipSmart contracts enable true ownership of in-game assets like characters, skins, or items in the form of NFTs. Unlike traditional games, where assets remain under the game developer's control, NFTs grant players full rights over their possessions.Secure TransactionsThe decentralized nature of blockchain ensures that all transactions, whether token earnings or asset trades, are securely recorded and verifiable.Game GovernanceSome Play-to-Earn games incorporate decentralized governance, allowing players to vote on game updates or economic changes through token staking or governance mechanisms built into the smart contract.InteroperabilityThanks to standardized smart contract protocols, many P2E games strive for cross-game compatibility, allowing players to use their NFTs or tokens in other games.Also, Check | How to Create a Simple Crypto Clicker GameAn Easy Play-to-Earn Gaming Smart Contract in Solidity CodeThis is a basic example of implementing a Play-to-Earn smart contract in Solidity, which is the main Ethereum smart contract programming language. Tokens are awarded to participants under this contract when they perform in-game activities.// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; contract PlayToEarnGame { // Token balance mapping for players mapping(address => uint256) public tokenBalance; // Owner of the contract (game developer) address public owner; // Token reward per task completed uint256 public rewardAmount; // Event to notify when a player earns tokens event TokensEarned(address indexed player, uint256 amount); // Modifier to allow only owner to execute specific functions modifier onlyOwner() { require(msg.sender == owner, "Only the owner can perform this action"); _; } constructor(uint256 _rewardAmount) { owner = msg.sender; // Set the contract deployer as the owner rewardAmount = _rewardAmount; // Initialize the token reward per task } // Function to complete a task and earn tokens function completeTask() external { // Increment the player's token balance tokenBalance[msg.sender] += rewardAmount; // Emit an event to notify of the reward emit TokensEarned(msg.sender, rewardAmount); } // Function for the owner to adjust the reward amount function setRewardAmount(uint256 _newAmount) external onlyOwner { rewardAmount = _newAmount; } // Function to allow players to withdraw their tokens function withdrawTokens() external { uint256 playerBalance = tokenBalance[msg.sender]; require(playerBalance > 0, "You have no tokens to withdraw"); // Transfer the tokens to the player payable(msg.sender).transfer(playerBalance); // Reset the player's balance tokenBalance[msg.sender] = 0; } // Fallback function to accept Ether (could be used to fund rewards) receive() external payable {} }You may also like | How To Create a Daily Game Reward System in SolidityPlay-to-Earn Smart Contracts' FuturePlay-to-earn games are about to cause unheard-of disruptions in the gaming business. We anticipate increasingly intricate incentive structures, tokenized economies, and cross-platform gameplay as blockchain technology develops, all of which will improve the gaming experience. If you are looking to develop your game leveraging these emerging decentralized gaming models, connect with our blockchain game developers to get started.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , POSTGRESQL more Category: Blockchain

Prince Balhara

03 Oct 2024

Integrate Raydium Swap Functionality on a Solana Program Solana is recognized as a top platform for blockchain app development due to its low transaction fees and excellent throughput. With its smooth token swaps, yield farming, and liquidity pools, Raydium is a well-known automated market maker (AMM) and liquidity provider among the many protocols that flourish on Solana. Developers wishing to expand on this dynamic environment have many options when integrating Raydium's switch feature into custom Solana software.Also, Explore | How to Develop a Crypto Swap Aggregator PlatformThis blog will guide you through the process of using the Raydium SDK and the Solana Web3.js framework to integrate the swap functionality of Raydium into your Solana program.You may also like | How to Build a Solana Sniper BotUsing Raydium SDK and Solana Web.js to Integrate Swap Functionality on a Solana ProrgramPrerequisites:Node.js is installed on your machine.Solana CLI installed and configured.Basic knowledge of TypeScript and Solana development.A basic understanding of how Raydium works.Setting Up the Environment:npm init -ynpm install @solana/web3.js @solana/spl-token @raydium-io/raydium-sdk decimal.js fs@solana/web3.js: The official Solana JavaScript SDK.@solana/spl-token: A library for interacting with the Solana Program Library (SPL) tokens.@raydium-io/raydium-sdk: The Raydium SDK interacts with the protocol's AMM and liquidity pools.decimal.js: A library for handling arbitrary-precision decimal arithmetic.Also, Explore | SPL-404 Token Standard | Enhancing Utility in the Solana EcosystemConnect with Solana Clusterimport { Connection, clusterApiUrl, Keypair, PublicKey, Transaction } from '@solana/web3.js'; const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl('devnet'), 'confirmed'); console.log("Connected to Solana Devnet");Payer's Keypair Loading:import * as fs from 'fs'; const data = fs.readFileSync('./secret.json', 'utf8'); const secretKey = Uint8Array.from(JSON.parse(data)); const payer = Keypair.fromSecretKey(secretKey); console.log("Payer's public key:", payer.publicKey.toBase58());Creating and Minting SPL Tokensimport { createMint, getMint, mintTo, getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount } from '@solana/spl-token'; const token1 = await createMint(connection, payer, payer.publicKey, null, 9); const token2 = await createMint(connection, payer, payer.publicKey, null, 9); const token1Account = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(connection, payer, token1, payer.publicKey); const token2Account = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(connection, payer, token2, payer.publicKey); await mintTo(connection, payer, token1, token1Account.address, payer.publicKey, 1000000000); // 1000 tokens await mintTo(connection, payer, token2, token2Account.address, payer.publicKey, 1000000000); console.log("Minted tokens and created associated token accounts.");Creating a Liquidity Pool on Raydium:import { Liquidity, DEVNET_PROGRAM_ID, TxVersion, BN } from '@raydium-io/raydium-sdk'; const targetMarketId = Keypair.generate().publicKey; const startTime = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 60 * 60 * 24 * 7; const walletAccount = await getWalletTokenAccount(connection, payer.publicKey); const createPoolTx = await Liquidity.makeCreatePoolV4InstructionV2Simple({ connection, programId: DEVNET_PROGRAM_ID.AmmV4, marketInfo: { marketId: targetMarketId, programId: DEVNET_PROGRAM_ID.OPENBOOK_MARKET, }, baseMintInfo: { mint: token1, decimals: 9 }, quoteMintInfo: { mint: new PublicKey('So11111111111111111111111111111111111111112'), decimals: 9 }, baseAmount: new BN(10000), quoteAmount: new BN(10000), startTime: new BN(Math.floor(startTime)), ownerInfo: { feePayer: payer.publicKey, wallet: payer.publicKey, tokenAccounts: walletAccount, useSOLBalance: true, }, associatedOnly: false, checkCreateATAOwner: true, makeTxVersion: TxVersion.V0, }); console.log("Liquidity pool created on Raydium.");Add Liquidity:const addLiquidityTx = await Liquidity.makeAddLiquidityInstructionSimple({ connection, poolKeys, userKeys: { owner: payer.publicKey, payer: payer.publicKey, tokenAccounts: walletAccount, }, amountInA: new TokenAmount(new Token(TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, token1, 9, 'Token1', 'Token1'), 100), amountInB: maxAnotherAmount, fixedSide: 'a', makeTxVersion, }); console.log("Liquidity added to the pool.");Perform a Swap: const swapInstruction = await Liquidity.makeSwapInstruction({ poolKeys, userKeys: { owner: payer.publicKey, tokenAccountIn: fromTokenAccount, tokenAccountOut: toTokenAccount, }, amountIn, amountOut: minimumAmountOut, fixedSide: "in", }); // Correcting the transaction creation by accessing the correct innerTransaction const transaction = new Transaction().add(...swapInstruction.innerTransaction.instructions); const transactionSignature = await connection.sendTransaction( transaction, [payer], { skipPreflight: false, preflightCommitment: "confirmed" } ); console.log("Swap transaction signature:", transactionSignature);Also, Explore | How to Get the Transaction Logs on SolanaConclusionYou have successfully included Raydium's swap feature into your Solana program by following the instructions provided in this Blog. In the DeFi space, Raydium offers strong tools for swapping and liquidity. If you want to leverage the potential of Solana and Raydium Swap Functionality for your project, connect with our skilled Solana developers to get started.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , POSTGRESQL more Category: Blockchain

Rahul Maurya

02 Oct 2024

How to Build a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction Wallet Understanding Account AbstractionAfter Vitalik presented the idea of account abstraction in 2015, it gained attention. The word "account abstraction" is wide, but to put it briefly, it refers to the abstraction of the inflexibility and inherent structure of user accounts in a blockchain. This allows for network interaction while also increasing their flexibility and adaptability. Instead of relying on the pre-built standard Blockchain rules, suppliers of crypto wallet solutions develop user-friendly accounts with unique logic that allows them to apply their own asset storage and transaction conditions.This lets the wallet control user actions without requiring users to sign transactions or physically hold private keys. Wallet development teams create smart contracts that function as user accounts in these kinds of applications. These contracts have the ability to communicate across programs, work with several accounts, and apply unique logic.Multi-Chain Support: Bridging or cross-chain communication protocols can be used as a way to communicate with several blockchains.Smart Contract Architecture: A primary contract and perhaps a factory for generating wallet instances will make up the wallet.Also, Read | ERC 4337 : Account Abstraction for Ethereum Smart Contract WalletsHow to Build a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction WalletStep1: Recognise the Complexities of Account AbstractionUnderstanding the ins and outs of account abstraction is crucial before starting the Account Abstraction wallet process. This is the process of providing user-friendly designs while severing the connection between user accounts and Blockchain accounts.Step:2 Choose an Appropriate Blockchain PlatformChoose a blockchain platform that either supports it natively or can be improved to do so. As an alternative, you may think about Ethereum, which comes with a tonne of Ethereum Improvement Proposals, including ERC-4337, a common AA idea.Step:3 Establish a Development EnvironmentInstall the necessary development tools, such as Hardhat, Truffle, and Node.js, to create smart contracts. Additionally, the establishment of a blockchain node can be done with Ganache or by connecting it to a testnet, like Rinkeby or Ropsten.Step:4 Make the contracts for smart contractsMake a smart contract that shows which user account is in charge of managing transaction volume and user authentication. It is also advisable to have a central point contract that facilitates communication with account contracts. Utilise proxy patterns to incorporate security measures for contract upgrades.Step:5 DesignAim for straightforward, user-friendly designs while considering the diverse user bases. Success results from keeping people interested in the wallet. The design is shared for approval when it has been created.Step:6 Security Audits and TestingThe smart contracts will undergo extensive testing following the development of the solution. Testing is done in various settings to check for mistakes and defects. For smart contract assessments, vulnerability detection, and remediation, third-party auditors are hired.Step:7 Install on the MainnetThe system is ready for post-launch post-testing and Mainnet security assessments. This stage involves configuring the server environment and deploying the code into the production environment.Step:8 Upkeep and ModificationsExamine the systems for problems, and where necessary, apply upgrades. Assist users who may have queries or encounter problems when using the wallet. As a result, the solution will become reliable and capable over time.Step:9 Marketing & Getting User FeedbackTo attract consumers' attention, the solution is advertised through various means. This covers joint ventures and collaborations, recommendations, social media marketing, and YouTube advertising. The solution is improved by the collection of user input.Also, Check | How to Build a Cryptocurrency Wallet App Like ExodusBuilding a Multi-Chain Account Abstraction WalletExample: - Set Up Hardhat:-If you haven't set up a Hardhat project yet, you can do so with the following commands:mkdir MultiChainWallet cd MultiChainWallet npm init -y npm install --save-dev hardhat npx hardhatAdd the ContractCreate a file named MultiChainWallet.sol in the contracts directory and paste the contract code:// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; interface IERC20 { function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool); function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256); } contract MultiChainWallet { mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private balances; mapping(address => bool) private wallets; event WalletCreated(address indexed owner); event Deposit(address indexed user, address indexed token, uint256 amount); event Withdraw(address indexed user, address indexed token, uint256 amount); modifier onlyWallet() { require(wallets[msg.sender], "Wallet does not exist"); _; } function createWallet() external { require(!wallets[msg.sender], "Wallet already exists"); wallets[msg.sender] = true; emit WalletCreated(msg.sender); } function deposit(address token, uint256 amount) external onlyWallet { require(amount > 0, "Invalid amount"); IERC20(token).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount); balances[msg.sender][token] += amount; emit Deposit(msg.sender, token, amount); } function withdraw(address token, uint256 amount) external onlyWallet { require(balances[msg.sender][token] >= amount, "Insufficient balance"); balances[msg.sender][token] -= amount; IERC20(token).transfer(msg.sender, amount); emit Withdraw(msg.sender, token, amount); } function getBalance(address token) external view onlyWallet returns (uint256) { return balances[msg.sender][token]; } } contract MockERC20 is IERC20 { string public name; string public symbol; uint8 public decimals = 18; mapping(address => uint256) private _balances; mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances; constructor(string memory _name, string memory _symbol, address initialAccount, uint256 initialBalance) { name = _name; symbol = _symbol; _balances[initialAccount] = initialBalance; } function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external override returns (bool) { _transfer(msg.sender, recipient, amount); return true; } function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external override returns (bool) { require(amount <= _allowances[sender][msg.sender], "Allowance exceeded"); _approve(sender, msg.sender, _allowances[sender][msg.sender] - amount); _transfer(sender, recipient, amount); return true; } function balanceOf(address account) external view override returns (uint256) { return _balances[account]; } function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool) { _approve(msg.sender, spender, amount); return true; } function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256) { return _allowances[owner][spender]; } function _transfer(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) internal { require(sender != address(0), "Transfer from the zero address"); require(recipient != address(0), "Transfer to the zero address"); require(_balances[sender] >= amount, "Insufficient balance"); _balances[sender] -= amount; _balances[recipient] += amount; } function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) internal { require(owner != address(0), "Approve from the zero address"); require(spender != address(0), "Approve to the zero address"); _allowances[owner][spender] = amount; } } You may also like | What is the Cost of Creating a Crypto Wallet App in 2024Create the Deployment Script:Create a new file named deploy.js in the scripts directory and add the following code:// scripts/deploy.jsasync function main() { const MockERC20 = await ethers.getContractFactory("MockERC20"); const mockToken = await MockERC20.deploy("Mock Token", "MTK", "0xYourAddressHere", ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); await mockToken.deployed(); console.log("MockERC20 deployed to:", mockToken.address); } // Execute the script main() .then(() => process.exit(0)) .catch((error) => { console.error(error); process.exit(1); }); Configure Hardhat NetworkEdit the hardhat.config.js file to configure the network you want to deploy to (for example, the Rinkeby testnet or the local Hardhat network):require('@nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle'); module.exports = { solidity: "0.8.0", networks: { rinkeby: { url: 'https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/YOUR_INFURA_PROJECT_ID', accounts: [`0x${YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY}`] } } }; Create the Test File Create a new file named MultiChainWallet.test.js in the test directory and add the following test cases:// test/MultiChainWallet.test.js// test/MockERC20.test.jsconst { expect } = require("chai"); const { ethers } = require("hardhat"); describe("MockERC20", function () { let mockToken; let owner; let addr1; let addr2; beforeEach(async function () { const MockERC20 = await ethers.getContractFactory("MockERC20"); [owner, addr1, addr2] = await ethers.getSigners(); mockToken = await MockERC20.deploy("Mock Token", "MTK", owner.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); await mockToken.deployed(); }); describe("Deployment", function () { it("Should set the correct name and symbol", async function () { expect(await mockToken.name()).to.equal("Mock Token"); expect(await mockToken.symbol()).to.equal("MTK"); }); it("Should assign the initial balance", async function () { const balance = await mockToken.balanceOf(owner.address); expect(balance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("1000")); }); }); describe("Transactions", function () { it("Should transfer tokens between accounts", async function () { await mockToken.transfer(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("100")); const addr1Balance = await mockToken.balanceOf(addr1.address); expect(addr1Balance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("100")); }); it("Should approve tokens for spending", async function () { await mockToken.approve(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); const allowance = await mockToken.allowance(owner.address, addr1.address); expect(allowance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); }); it("Should transfer tokens from one account to another", async function () { await mockToken.approve(addr1.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); await mockToken.connect(addr1).transferFrom(owner.address, addr2.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); const addr2Balance = await mockToken.balanceOf(addr2.address); expect(addr2Balance).to.equal(ethers.utils.parseEther("50")); }); }); });Also, Read | How to Build a Real-Time Wallet TrackerDeploy the ContractTo deploy the contract, run the following command in your terminal:npx hardhat run scripts/deploy.js --network <network_name>Verify the Deployment:-Once deployed, you should see the contract address in the terminal output. You can verify the deployment on Etherscan (for public networks) or through your local Hardhat node.Overview of the Above Contract:-Deposit Function: The wallet allows users to deposit Ether, with the balance being linked to a particular chain ID.Withdraw Function: Users are able to take their remaining Ether balance for a certain chain out. Execute Function: Using a signature-based verification system, this function enables the owner to carry out transactions on other contracts.Events: For tracking purposes, send out events for deposits, withdrawals, and completed transactions.Explanation of the TestsDeposit Tests: Tests that users can deposit Ether and that their balance is updated accordingly. Checks that the Deposited event is emitted.Withdraw Tests: Ensures that users can withdraw their Ether. Validates that trying to withdraw more than the balance reverts the transaction. Checks that the Withdrawn event is emitted.Execute Tests: Validates that the owner can successfully execute a transaction. Tests that an invalid signature reverts the transaction.Interactions Across Chains: Cross-chain interactions are not specifically handled by this contract. You could utilise bridging mechanisms like Wormhole or LayerZero, oracles, to establish communication between various chains in order to do this.Security: Whenever you work with different chains, make sure to audit your contracts and take into account possible attack routes.Gas Efficiency: When building your functions, especially for cross-chain calls, keep gas expenses in mind.Also, Check | Create an Externally Owned Wallet using Web3J and Spring BootTesting and Deployment:-You can utilise test networks for the individual chains you wish to support together with frameworks like Hardhat or Truffle to deploy and test this contract.Boost Functionality: Include extra features such as role-based access control, support for ERC20 tokens, and recovery methods.Cross-Chain Communication: To move assets between chains, investigate and put into practice cross-chain protocols.User Interface: Using Web3.js or Ethers.js frameworks, create a front-end interface for interacting with the wallet. This ought to provide you with a basic idea of how to construct a Solidity wallet that abstracts multiple chains of accounts. Be sure to modify and enlarge the code in accordance with the specifications of your project!Monetary Benefits of Investing in Account Abstraction Wallet:-Cost is a significant component of Account Abstraction wallet development. It is impacted by numerous factors that bring these apps to life. Let us spotlight these factors in detail:Development Team SizeThe expertise and experience of the development team affect the wallet cost. Hire a skilled team with Blockchain background and consider the cost of developers, designers, blockchain experts and security professionals.Features and ComplexityThe features integrated within the application have a direct influence on the cost. The charges of basic wallets are less, while the advanced ones escalate the cost.Security MeasuresThe significance of powerful security mechanisms can't be understated. The higher the security, the higher the development charges. Make sure that the advanced security mechanisms are integrated, which is a significant investment but gives you peace of mind.Legal and Compliance CostsAddressing complaint measures involves legal consultations and ensuring that the application adheres to local and global regulations. These costs are included in the overall budget.Also, Discover | How to Sign Ledger using Solana Wallet AdapterAccount Abstraction Wallets DrawbacksComplexity: Compared to standard wallets, the architecture may be more intricate, which might increase the likelihood of errors or implementation flaws.Experience of the User: Those who are only familiar with conventional wallets may find it difficult to grasp new ideas like transaction signature off-chain.Difficulties with Onboarding: It might be difficult for novice users to set up and use these wallets efficiently.Smart Contract Weaknesses: The usage of smart contracts exposes users to more risks, including those related to reentrancy attacks, vulnerabilities, and exploits that might result in financial loss.Signature Management: Insecure implementation of off-chain signing techniques may result in compromised private keys.Reliance on Oracles and Bridges: Multi-chain functionality often depends on external oracles and bridging services, which can introduce additional points of failure.Potential Latency: Cross-chain transactions might be slower due to the need for confirmations and interactions with multiple networks.KYC/AML Concerns: Implementing features like KYC for account abstraction wallets could complicate user privacy and lead to regulatory scrutiny.Compliance Complexity: Ensuring compliance across multiple jurisdictions can be challenging and resource-intensive.Interoperability Challenges: Different chains may have varying standards and functionalities, complicating interoperability and the overall user experience.Limited Support: Not all decentralized applications (dApps) may support account abstraction wallets, limiting their usability.If you are looking for assistance to build your blockchain-based project, connect with our skilled blockchain developers to get started.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , REDIS more Category: Blockchain

Kapil Dagar

01 Oct 2024

How to Build a Cross-Chain Bridge Using Solidity and Rust The capacity to transfer assets across networks effortlessly is more important than ever in the ever-changing world of blockchain development. Envision a bridge that unites the Ethereum and Solana worlds, letting tokens move freely while upholding security and openness. In this project, we use the robust programming languages Solidity and Rust to set out on the task of creating a cross-chain bridge. Through utilizing Rust's efficiency for Solana's on-chain logic and Solidity's capabilities for Ethereum smart contracts, our goal is to provide a solid framework that makes token exchanges simple. Whether you're a crypto enthusiast excited to explore new possibilities or a developer trying to improve interoperability, this guide will take you through all the necessary steps to realize this ambitious aim. Now let's dive in.PrerequisitesProgrammingLanguages:Solidity, Javascript/Typescript, and RustIDE:VS-Code and any preferred IDELibraries:ETH:Hardhat, Ethers, Axios, OpenzepplinSOL:Solana Web3.js, Solana Spl-tokenAlso, Explore | How To Build "Buy Me a Coffee" DeFi dApp Using SolidityHow to Build a Cross-Chain Bridge Using Solidity and RustIt's preferred that you setup 3 projects, separately for:I) Ethereum's ERC-20 Token Smart Contract:You'll need to setup node.js, solidity and hardhat in your IDE/ system. So, we'll begin with setting up hardhat code, for example "click-here". Here's the code for the ERC-20 Token using Openzepplin's library.code.................................................................................................. // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol"; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol"; contract Testtoken is ERC20, Ownable { event BurnAndMoveToSolana(address indexed user, string solanaAddress, uint256 amount); event MintFromSolana(address indexed user, uint256 amount); address public relayer; constructor() ERC20("EthereumToken", "ETHR") Ownable(msg.sender){ _mint(msg.sender, 1000000 * (10 ** decimals()));// change amount as per your understanding } modifier onlyRelayer() { require(msg.sender == relayer, "Not authorized"); _; } function setRelayer(address _relayer) external onlyOwner { relayer = _relayer; } function burnAndMoveToSolana(uint256 amount, string memory solanaAddress) external {// main transfering function _burn(msg.sender, amount); emit BurnAndMoveToSolana(msg.sender, solanaAddress, amount); } function mintFromSolana(address to, uint256 amount) external onlyRelayer { _mint(to, amount); emit MintFromSolana(to, amount); } event TokensBurned(address indexed from, address indexed solanaAddress, uint256 amount); }You may also like | Building a Decentralized Voting System with Solidity and Hardhat2) Solana's SPL Token Program:You'll need to setup node.js, Solana, and Rust in your IDE/ system. To begin with, we'll set-up a empty solana-sdk code. Here's the full code/implementation for the SPL Token using Solana-web3.js & Solana spl-token.code................................................................................................. const { Connection, Keypair, PublicKey, clusterApiUrl, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL } = require('@solana/web3.js'); const { createMint, getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount, mintTo, getAccount, burn } = require('@solana/spl-token'); async function mintAndBurnTokens(connection, fromWallet, tokenAccount, mint, amountToMint, amountToBurn, ethAddress) { await mintTo( connection, fromWallet, mint, tokenAccount.address, fromWallet.publicKey, amountToMint ); console.log(`Minted ${amountToMint / (10 ** 9)} tokens to your associated token account.`); const tokenAccountBalance = await getAccount(connection, tokenAccount.address); console.log(`Token account balance after minting: ${Number(tokenAccountBalance.amount) / (10 ** 9)} tokens`); if (Number(tokenAccountBalance.amount) < amountToBurn) { console.log(`Insufficient funds. Current balance: ${Number(tokenAccountBalance.amount) / (10 ** 9)} tokens.`); return; } await burn( connection, fromWallet, tokenAccount.address, mint, fromWallet.publicKey, amountToBurn ); console.log(`Burned ${amountToBurn / (10 ** 9)} tokens from ${fromWallet.publicKey} and moving to Ethereum wallet ${ethAddress}.`); console.log(`Relaying burn event to Ethereum relayer for Ethereum wallet: ${ethAddress}, amount: ${amountToBurn / (10 ** 9)}.`); } (async () => { const fromWallet = Keypair.fromSecretKey(new Uint8Array([your,secret,keypair])); const ethAddress = "0xyourAddress";//add your eth wallet address const mintAmount = 100000 * 10 ** 9;// amount of SPL tokens to mint const burnAmount = 1000 * 10 ** 9;// amount of SPL tokens to burn/transfer const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl('devnet'), 'confirmed');// put your preferred cluster console.log('Creating SPL token...'); const mint = await createMint( connection, fromWallet, fromWallet.publicKey, null, 9 ); const fromTokenAccount = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount( connection, fromWallet, mint, fromWallet.publicKey ); console.log('Minting tokens...'); await mintAndBurnTokens(connection, fromWallet, fromTokenAccount, mint, mintAmount, burnAmount, ethAddress); console.log(`View token account on Solana Explorer: https://explorer.solana.com/address/${fromTokenAccount.address}?cluster=devnet`); })(); ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////Also, Read | How To Create a Daily Game Reward System in Solidity3) Relayer-Bridge Project:In order to facilitate safe and transparent token transfers between two blockchains, a relayer-bridge project serves as an essential bridge. Using smart contracts and event listeners, the relayer in the Ethereum and Solana context watches on particular occurrences on one blockchain, like an Ethereum token burn. When the relayer notices one of these events, it sends the required information—such as the recipient's address and the quantity of tokens—to the other chain so that the corresponding action—like minting the tokens on Solana—can take place there. In order to preserve network balance, this bi-directional communication makes sure that tokens burned on one chain are minted on the other. In order to smoothly connect the two ecosystems, the relayer's job is to validate and relay these transactions without sacrificing security or speed.Here's the Code for the Relayer-Bridge :code.................................................................................................. const WebSocket = require("ws"); const { ethers } = require("ethers"); const fs = require("fs"); require('dotenv').config(); const wsUrl = "wss://api.devnet.solana.com";//your desired network const connection = new WebSocket(wsUrl); const provider = new ethers.WebSocketProvider(process.env.ETH_WSS_URL); const wallet = new ethers.Wallet(process.env.ETH_PRIVATE_KEY, provider); const contractAddress = process.env.ETH_CONTRACT_ADDRESS; const abi = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync("./path_to_your/eth_contract_abi.json")); const contract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, abi, wallet); connection.on("open", () => { console.log("Connected to Solana WebSocket"); const subscriptionMessage = JSON.stringify({ jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 1, method: "logsSubscribe", params: [ { mentions: [""],// Your SPL token address }, { commitment: "finalized", }, ], }); connection.send(subscriptionMessage); }); connection.on("message", async (data) => { const response = JSON.parse(data); if (response.method === "logsNotification") { const logData = response.params.result; // Check if the log indicates a burn if (isBurnLog(logData)) { const amountBurned = extractBurnAmount(logData); console.log(`Burn detected: ${amountBurned} tokens`); await mintTokens(amountBurned); } } else { console.log("Received message:", response); } }); connection.on("close", () => { console.log("Connection closed"); }); connection.on("error", (error) => { console.error("WebSocket error:", error); }); // Function to Check the log data structure to confirm it's a burn event function isBurnLog(logData) { return logData && logData.err === null && logData.logs && logData.logs.some(log => log.includes("burn")); } // Function to extract the amount burned from the log data function extractBurnAmount(logData) { const amountLog = logData.logs.find(log => log.includes("burn")); if (amountLog) { const amount =/* logic to parse your burn amount format */; return parseFloat(amount);// Return the amount as a number } return 0; } // Function to mint tokens on Ethereum async function mintTokens(amount) { try { const tx = await contract.mint(wallet.address, ethers.utils.parseUnits(amount.toString(), 18)); console.log(`Mint transaction sent: ${tx.hash}`); await tx.wait(); console.log("Minting successful"); } catch (error) { console.error("Minting failed:", error); } } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////This part of the relayer works for the transfer of SPL tokens to the ERC-20 tokens on Ethereum. Similarly, we can perform the transfer of ERC-20 tokens to SPL Tokens on the Solana blockchain, burn them, and its functionality will trigger the SPL Token's mint function to complete the cross-chain transaction.Also, Discover | How to Create a MultiSig Wallet in SolidityConclusionIn conclusion, creating a relayer-equipped cross-chain bridge enables users to transfer assets between Ethereum and Solana with ease, opening up a world of decentralised opportunities. Utilising Solidity and Rust's respective advantages, you can build a scalable, secure solution that connects two robust blockchain ecosystems. This project shapes the future of decentralised finance by paving the ground for true blockchain interoperability with the correct tools and knowledge. Connect with our skilled Solidity developers to bring your blockchain-related vision into reality.

Technology: MEAN , PYTHON more Category: Blockchain

Ashish Gushain

30 Sep 2024

Building a Custom Blockchain Consensus Mechanism Blockchain technology relies on consensus algorithms to validate transactions and maintain network integrity. While public blockchains use popular algorithms like Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS), private blockchains often require a custom consensus mechanism tailored to their specific needs. In this blog, we'll explore how to build a custom consensus algorithm for a private blockchain, ensuring it's secure, efficient, and meets your business requirements. For more about blockchain, visit our blockchain development services.What is a Consensus Algorithm?A consensus algorithm is a mechanism that allows all participants in a blockchain network to agree on the state of the ledger. This agreement ensures that the data in the blockchain is accurate and prevents fraudulent transactions or data tampering.Why Build a Custom Consensus Algorithm for a Private Blockchain?Control: Private blockchains are often used by organizations that want control over who can participate in the network.Efficiency: Custom algorithms can be designed to be more efficient for smaller networks, reducing transaction confirmation times.Security: Tailored algorithms provide an extra layer of security by addressing specific threats relevant to the private blockchain environment.Also, Check | How to Create Your Own Private Blockchain using CosmosChoosing a Suitable Consensus AlgorithmBefore we start building, let's briefly discuss different consensus algorithms that can inspire your custom model:Proof of Authority (PoA):Only trusted nodes can validate transactions, suitable for private networks with a small number of participants.Raft Consensus:A leader-based approach where one node is elected as the leader to manage transactions.Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT):Handles faulty nodes and works efficiently in networks with up to one-third of malicious participants.Also, Explore | How to Utilize Rollup-as-a-Service for Maximum EfficiencyStep-by-Step Guide to Building the Custom Consensus AlgorithmStep 1: Define the Blockchain StructureBlock Class class Block { constructor(index, timestamp, data, previousHash = '') { this.index = index; // Position of the block in the chain this.timestamp = timestamp; // The time when this block was created this.data = data; // Information to be stored in the block (e.g., transactions) this.previousHash = previousHash; // Hash of the previous block in the chain this.hash = this.calculateHash(); // Unique identifier generated for this block this.validator = null; // The validator node that approves this block } delves calculateHash() { return CryptoJS.SHA256( this.index + this.timestamp + JSON.stringify(this.data) + this.previousHash ).toString(); } }Detailed Breakdown:Each block has an index, timestamp, data, previousHash, hash, and validator. The calculateHash() function combines the block's properties and generates a unique hash using the SHA-256 algorithm. This hash ensures that even a small change in the block's data will result in a completely different hash, making the blockchain tamper-resistant.Key Point: In blockchain, the hash acts like a digital fingerprint for each block. It's crucial because it ensures that data within the block hasn't been altered.Also, Read | How ShadCN is better than AndDBlockchain Class class Blockchain { constructor() { this.chain = [this.createGenesisBlock()]; // Initialize the blockchain with the first block this.validators = ['Node1', 'Node2', 'Node3']; // Nodes authorized to validate new blocks } createGenesisBlock() { return new Block(0, '01/01/2024', 'Genesis Block', '0'); // First block with no previous hash } getLatestBlock() { return this.chain[this.chain.length - 1]; // Fetch the last block added to the chain } addBlock(newBlock) { newBlock.previousHash = this.getLatestBlock().hash; // Connect the new block to the previous one newBlock.hash = newBlock.calculateHash(); // Calculate the hash based on the new block's data // Apply the consensus mechanism newBlock.validator = this.selectValidator(); if (this.isBlockValid(newBlock)) { this.chain.push(newBlock); // Add the block to the chain if valid console.log(`Block approved by: ${newBlock.validator}`); } else { console.log('Block rejected'); } } isBlockValid(block) { // Ensure the selected validator is authorized return this.validators.includes(block.validator); } selectValidator() { // Randomly choose a validator to approve the block const selectedValidator = this.validators[Math.floor(Math.random() * this.validators.length)]; return selectedValidator; } isChainValid() { for (let i = 1; i < this.chain.length; i++) { const currentBlock = this.chain[i]; const previousBlock = this.chain[i - 1]; // Check the integrity of the block if (currentBlock.hash !== currentBlock.calculateHash()) return false; // Verify the chain linkage if (currentBlock.previousHash !== previousBlock.hash) return false; } return true; } }Genesis Block:The genesis block is the first block in the blockchain. It's created with index = 0 and has a previousHash of '0' because it doesn't have any predecessor.addBlock(newBlock):The addBlock function adds a new block to the blockchain, ensuring the chain's integrity by setting previousHash to the hash of the latest block.The selectValidator function randomly picks a validator node to approve the block. If approved by an authorized validator, the block is added to the blockchain.selectValidator():The selectValidator function represents the core of our Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism. Here, validators are chosen at random, but you can enhance this logic based on factors like node reputation or stake.isChainValid():This function verifies the integrity of the entire blockchain. It ensures that each block's hash matches the recalculated hash using calculateHash() and that previousHash correctly links to the preceding block.Important Concept: The blockchain maintains its integrity through these hashes. Any change to a block's data would alter its hash, breaking the chain's continuity and making tampering evident.You may also like | How to Swap Tokens on Uniswap V3Step 2: Testing the BlockchainLet's test our custom blockchain:let myBlockchain = new Blockchain(); myBlockchain.addBlock(new Block(1, '02/01/2024', { amount: 100 })); myBlockchain.addBlock(new Block(2, '03/01/2024', { amount: 200 })); console.log(JSON.stringify(myBlockchain, null, 4)); console.log('Is blockchain valid? ' + myBlockchain.isChainValid());Explanation:We create an instance of Blockchain and add two blocks with transaction data { amount: 100 } and { amount: 200 }.Finally, we print the entire blockchain to see its structure and check its validity using isChainValid().Also, Discover | How to Develop a Layer 1 BlockchainEnhancing the Consensus Mechanism: VotingThe basic algorithm randomly selects a validator to approve a block. For more security, we introduced a voting mechanism where multiple validators decide.Voting Mechanism ExampleaddBlock(newBlock) { newBlock.previousHash = this.getLatestBlock().hash; newBlock.hash = newBlock.calculateHash(); let approvalCount = 0; // Simulate voting by validators this.validators.forEach(validator => { if (Math.random() > 0.4) { console.log(`${validator} approved the block`); approvalCount++; } else { console.log(`${validator} rejected the block`); } }); if (approvalCount >= 2) { this.chain.push(newBlock); console.log(`Block approved with ${approvalCount} votes`); } else { console.log('Block rejected'); } }Detailed Explanation:The block requires approval from at least 2 out of 3 validators. For each validator, there's a 60% chance of approving the block (Math.random() > 0.4). This mechanism ensures that no single validator can make decisions, providing greater security and trust.Also, Read | How to Access Private Data in Smart ContractsReal-World SignificancePrivate Network: In a corporate setting, this custom algorithm ensures that only authorized participants can validate transactions.Security: By implementing a voting mechanism, you reduce the risk of fraudulent activities, as multiple validators must approve each transaction.Scalability: Custom algorithms are optimised for small, private networks, reducing transaction confirmation times compared to public blockchains.Also, Check | How to Fork Ethereum with HardhatConclusionThis detailed explanation covers how to create a custom consensus algorithm tailored to a private blockchain using concepts from the Proof of Authority (PoA) and introduces voting mechanisms. By understanding how validators are selected, how blocks are validated, and how consensus is achieved, you now have a solid foundation for implementing custom blockchain solutions.You can expand this model into a more robust solution by implementing advanced features like reputation tracking, penalty mechanisms for dishonest nodes, or integrating cryptographic signatures for additional security.By experimenting with this code, you'll gain practical experience and develop a deeper understanding of consensus algorithms, preparing you for more advanced blockchain projects. Feel free to modify and experiment with the code to match your specific requirements!Key TakeawaysUnderstand your network's needs: Tailor your algorithm for efficiency, security, and control.Customize validation logic: Implement mechanisms like voting or reputation to enhance the consensus process.Experiment and iterate: Continuously test and refine your algorithm to achieve optimal performance.This blog should help you understand how to build a custom consensus algorithm and implement it in a private blockchain. Feel free to modify and enhance the code to suit your specific requirements. In case if you are looking for blockchain development services, connect with our skilled blockchain developers to get started.

Technology: MEAN , PYTHON more Category: Blockchain

Ashutosh Modanwal

28 Sep 2024

How to Create an NFT Rental Marketplace using ERC 4907 NFT Rental Marketplace Development using ERC 4907For a predetermined period, NFT owners can lease their tokens to third parties via ERC 4907. This functionality allows different players or users to temporarily use the NFTs in various applications, such as virtual real estate or gaming.The roles involved in this process include the Owner, who possesses the NFT; the User, who has the NFT in their wallet but is unable to sell or transfer it; and the "expires" function, which automatically ends usage without any further action required.A controller or operator role is assigned to oversee a large number of NFTs. While they can perform certain usage operations, individuals in these roles are unable to approve or transfer the NFT, unlike the owner.As an extension of ERC-721, the ERC 4907 standard introduces the dual roles of "owner" and "user" at the application layer. With an automatic "expires" mechanism that enforces the user's time-limited role, ERC 4907 simplifies NFT rentals. Thanks to this innovative feature, NFTs are automatically rentable; owners no longer need to manually revoke user privileges, saving time and avoiding additional on-chain transactions.The main challenge arises in usage rights management, making it essential to establish a unified standard to facilitate collaboration across all applications.You may also like | Why ERC-7007 is the Next Big Thing in BlockchainReal-world Applications and CollaborationsIt's becoming more and more common in the world of digital assets for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to use the new Ethereum token standard, ERC 4907. In order to facilitate the temporary transfer of usage rights while maintaining ownership, it creates a new "user role" that is distinct from the "owner role." This is advantageous for subscription or rental models.In order to enable NFT rentals, Double Protocol has incorporated ERC 4907, allowing asset owners to lease without forfeiting ownership. This expands the utility of NFT and opens up new revenue streams. By including ERC 4907-based rental options, their relationship with Shardeum, a scalable smart contract platform, improves this strategy even further and fosters an NFT ecosystem that is more widely available.These collaborations highlight the real-world applications and transformative potential of ERC 4907, leading to a more dynamic digital asset market. As these partnerships develop, they promise significant changes in the landscape of NFTs and digital ownership.You may also like | How to Implement an On-Chain NFT AllowlistERC 4907 Use CasesGamingPlayers can rent rare in-game items or characters temporarily, allowing for access to premium content without a full purchase.Virtual Real EstateUsers can rent virtual plots of land or properties in metaverse platforms for specific events or time periods.Art and CollectiblesArtists can rent their works for exhibitions or shows, allowing more people to experience the art without ownership.Also, Explore | NFT ETFs | A Beginner's Guide to Investing in Digital AssetsRenting NFTs is a reasonable approachThe blockchain used the actual world as a source for the concept of renting. Instead of paying money to use something that the other party has, one party wants it but cannot afford to own it or doesn't need it. People adore the thought of living off the returns from their assets, exactly like in the real world. Rentable NFTs' primary concept is that they are a passive revenue source.What Advantages Does ERC 4907 Bring?Market LiquidityERC 4907 will enhance NFT renting and enable related derivatives across various use cases, such as gaming, art, and music. As the Metaverse and Web3 expand, more people will opt to rent NFTs instead of buying assets, increasing market liquidity over time.Easy Third-party IntegrationERC 4907, which establishes a single standard, will enhance collaboration and assist Ethereum's cross-platform ecosystem. This standard improves communication between all parties engaged in utility NFT leases for gaming, the metaverse, and membership cards by simplifying integration and reducing development costs.Moreover, third-party protocols employing ERC 4907 may oversee NFT usage rights without needing permission from the initial issuer. Others can swiftly do their own tasks when a project gives users this position. A PFP NFT, for instance, may be included in a platform that permits short-term rentals and simultaneously offers "rent-to-own" options via a mortgage platform without the original project's permission.Backward CompatibilityBy introducing an extended function set, the ERC 4907 standard can achieve full ERC-721 compatibility. Furthermore, there are a lot of parallels between the new functions provided in this standard and the current ERC-721 functionalities. This makes it possible for developers to embrace the new standard swiftly and simply. Future and current NFTs produced as standard ERC-721 can be wrapped to be compatible with ERC 4907 or upgraded to ERC 4907.Also, Read | How to Create a Compressed NFT on SolanaNeed of ERC 4907Renting Out AssetsOwners can lease their digital assets while maintaining ownership according to ERC 4907, which permits NFTs to be rented out. For asset holders, this means additional revenue prospects.Increased Digital Assets' ValueThis standard increases the functionality of NFTs and encourages their wider use across a range of industries, including gaming and virtual real estate, by allowing them to be rented.Innovative UsesIn the NFT space, the standard fosters innovation by creating opportunities for new applications including digital art exhibitions, virtual events, and game rentals.Also, Check | A Step-by-Step Tutorial of Building a Cross Chain NFT BridgeThings to Take Into Account When Implementing ERC 49071. In situations when the rental mechanism is not thoroughly monitored, users may take advantage of it. For example, they may rent an NFT for a very little time in order to swiftly transfer it without the owner's permission.2. Legal concerns may arise from renting digital assets, particularly if the NFTs include copyrighted content or other intellectual property. Users might have to make sure local laws are followed.Also, Discover | NFT-Based Loyalty Programs: Revamping Customer EngagementDetails of the ERC 4907 Interface:// function setUser(uint256 tokenId, address user, uint64 expires) external Main Purpose: Assigns a user to an NFT along with an expiration time. Parameter: tokenId: Unique Identifier of NFT user: the address of new user who can Use NFT exepires: duration until which the user can access the NFT Access-Control : Usually callable from an authorised address or the NFT owner. This guarantees that user access can only be modified byauthorised entities. // function userOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address); Purpose: identifies the NFT's engaged user. Parameters: tokenId:Unique Identifier of NFT. Returns: The user's address. It returns the zero address (address(0)) in the event that the user has expired or if no user is allocated. // function userExpires(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (uint256); Purpose: retrieves the NFT user's expiration timestamp. Parameters: tokenId:Unique Identifier of NFT. Returns: The Unix timestamp indicating the expiration date of the user's access. There is no user when the value is 0. // Event UpdateUser(uint256 indexed tokenId, address indexed user, uint64 expires); Purpose: Emitted whenever a user is assigned or updated for an NFT. Parameters: tokenId: unique identifier of the NFT. user: Address of the new User. expires: The new expiration timestamp. Significance: Real-time tracking of user assignments is made possible by this event for both front-end apps and external services. Also, Read | NFT Domains | Revolutionizing Ownership in the Digital LandscapeERC 4907 Implementation// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.0; // ERC721 Implementation contract MyERC721Token { struct Token { address owner; address approved; } // Mapping from token ID to token information mapping(uint256 => Token) private _tokens; // Mapping from owner to number of tokens mapping(address => uint256) private _balances; // Mapping from owner to operator approvals mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals; // Counter for token IDs uint256 private _tokenIdCounter; // Events event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId); event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId); event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved); // Mint a new NFT function mint(address to) public { require(to != address(0), "Cannot mint to zero address"); uint256 tokenId = _tokenIdCounter++; _tokens[tokenId] = Token(to, address(0)); _balances[to]++; emit Transfer(address(0), to, tokenId); } // Get the balance of an owner function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256) { require(owner != address(0), "Owner address cannot be zero"); return _balances[owner]; } // Get the owner of a specific token function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address) { address owner = _tokens[tokenId].owner; require(owner != address(0), "Token does not exist"); return owner; } // Approve another address to transfer the specified token function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external { address owner = ownerOf(tokenId); require(msg.sender == owner, "Not the token owner"); _tokens[tokenId].approved = to; emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId); } // Get the approved address for a specific token function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address) { require(_tokens[tokenId].owner != address(0), "Token does not exist"); return _tokens[tokenId].approved; } // Approve or revoke permission for an operator to manage all tokens function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external { require(operator != msg.sender, "Cannot approve oneself"); _operatorApprovals[msg.sender][operator] = approved; emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, operator, approved); } // Check if an operator is approved to manage all tokens of the owner function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool) { return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator]; } // Transfer ownership of a token function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external { require(msg.sender == from || msg.sender == getApproved(tokenId) || _operatorApprovals[from][msg.sender], "Not authorized"); require(_tokens[tokenId].owner == from, "Incorrect owner"); require(to != address(0), "Cannot transfer to zero address"); // Call before transfer hook _beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, tokenId); // Transfer the token _tokens[tokenId].owner = to; _tokens[tokenId].approved = address(0); _balances[from]--; _balances[to]++; emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId); } // Internal function to clear approval when transferring function _clearApproval(uint256 tokenId) internal { if (_tokens[tokenId].approved != address(0)) { delete _tokens[tokenId].approved; } } // Internal hook to be overridden function _beforeTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {} } // Interface for ERC 4907 interface IERC4907 { event UpdateUser(uint256 indexed tokenId, address indexed user, uint64 expires); function setUser(uint256 tokenId, address user, uint64 expires) external; function userOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address); function userExpires(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (uint256); } // ERC 4907 Implementation contract ERC4907 is MyERC721Token, IERC4907 { // Custom errors error CanNotRentToZeroAddress(); error NotOwnerOrApproved(); error InvalidExpire(); struct TenantInfo { address tenant; uint64 expires; } mapping(uint256 => TenantInfo) internal _tenants; constructor() { // Minting initial tokens for (uint256 i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { mint(msg.sender); // Minting 10 NFTs } } function setUser(uint256 tokenId, address tenant, uint64 expires) public override { if (ownerOf(tokenId) != msg.sender && getApproved(tokenId) != msg.sender) { revert NotOwnerOrApproved(); } if (tenant == address(0)) { revert CanNotRentToZeroAddress(); } if (expires <= block.timestamp) { revert InvalidExpire(); } TenantInfo storage ref = _tenants[tokenId]; ref.tenant = tenant; ref.expires = expires; emit UpdateUser(tokenId, tenant, expires); } function userOf(uint256 tokenId) public view override returns (address) { TenantInfo storage ref = _tenants[tokenId]; if (ref.expires >= block.timestamp) { return ref.tenant; } else { return address(0); } } function userExpires(uint256 tokenId) public view override returns (uint256) { return _tenants[tokenId].expires; } // Override the transfer function to clear tenant info on transfer function _beforeTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal override { super._beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, tokenId); TenantInfo storage ref = _tenants[tokenId]; if (from != to && ref.tenant != address(0)) { delete _tenants[tokenId]; emit UpdateUser(tokenId, address(0), 0); } } } ConclusionWith the release of ERC 4907, which provides a flexible framework designed specifically for the growing NFT rental industry, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have evolved tremendously. Its dual-role strategy not only makes rights allocation more clear but also lays the foundation for a range of partnerships and applications. This innovation comes at a perfect time, as it tackles the intricacy of the leasing space and keeps up with the exponential growth of digital assets.ERC 4907 represents an evolution in the NFT space by introducing rental functionalities, and providing new opportunities for monetization and interaction with digital assets. It opens the door to innovative business models and use-cases across various industries, enhancing the utility of NFTs beyond mere ownership.The NFT environment is about to change as ERC 4907 redefines digital asset leasing and develops popularity across several ecosystems. A future of innovation and fluidity in digital asset management is promised by the protocol, which also offers increased security, operational efficiency, and a multitude of opportunities. As a major protagonist in the story of digital innovation, ERC 4907 solidifies its position by setting new standards that not only predict future trends but also meet present needs. Need assistance with developing your NFT project, connect with our skilled blockchain and NFT developers to get started.References:https://github.com/tronprotocol/tips/blob/master/tip-4906.md https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/eip-6884-delegatable-utility-tokens-derived-from-origin-nfts/13837/https://github.com/ethereum/ERCs/blob/master/ERCS/erc-7507.md/https://github.com/ethereum/web3.py/issues/1351 https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/blob/master/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721.sol https://forum.openzeppelin.com/t/error-verifying-erc721-in-etherscan-file-import-callback-not-supported-with-github-imports/4198 https://soliditydeveloper.com/erc-1155 https://medium.com/coinmonks/erc-721-tokens-b83d7fc3e740 https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/117365/executing-view-read-functions-on-gnosis-safe-with-raw-encoded-data/https://www.kaleido.io/blockchain-blog/how-to-create-and-deploy-an-erc-721-token https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/issues/3659 https://hips.hedera.com/hip/hip-376

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , SOLIDITY more Category: Blockchain

Tushar Shrivastava

24 Sep 2024

Understanding Cosmos IBC for Cross-Chain Communication In the evolving landscape of blockchain technology, interoperability remains a crucial yet challenging frontier. As decentralized applications and ecosystems grow, the need for seamless interaction between diverse blockchains has become paramount. The Cosmos IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication) protocol emerges as a groundbreaking solution, designed to facilitate secure and reliable data exchange across heterogeneous blockchain networks.This blog explores the core principles, and potential of the Cosmos IBC protocol, underscoring its significance in the Cosmos blockchain development ecosystem.Read Also | Exploring the Emerging Use Cases of Cosmos BlockchainWhat is Cosmos IBC?The Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol is integral to the Cosmos blockchain ecosystem. It provides a standardized way for independent blockchains to communicate with each other. It enables the transfer of assets and data across distinct networks without requiring a centralized intermediary. IBC operates on a principle similar to TCP/IP in the internet world, creating a universal language for blockchain interoperability.Cosmos IBC addresses the challenge of cross-chain communication, especially relevant for application-specific blockchains and private blockchains. It solves issues related to asset swaps between different blockchains and facilitates interaction between public and private chains. Implementations for private blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric and Corda are already in place. By enabling secure and efficient cross-chain transactions, IBC enhances scalability, reduces transaction costs, and improves network capacity and finality compared to other platforms.Discover | Top Blockchain Platforms for Blockchain App DevelopmentHow Does IBC Work?The following infographic depicts the working of the IBC Protocols -IBC facilitates communication between chains through a sequence of steps:Light ClientsEach participating blockchain runs a light client of the other blockchain to verify transactions without needing to trust an external party. Light clients keep track of the state of the different blockchains to ensure validity.Connection HandshakeChains establish a connection via a handshake process, which involves exchanging proof of their states and confirming the identity of the counterparty.Channel CreationOnce a connection is established, channels are created to facilitate communication. Each channel is bound to a specific application, ensuring the integrity and security of data transfers.Packet RelayingData is sent in packets through these channels. Relayers (participants in the network) monitor and relay these packets between chains, verifying their authenticity and ensuring correct delivery.AcknowledgmentsReceiving chains send acknowledgments back to the sender, confirming receipt and ensuring that transactions are finalized only when the corresponding proof of receipt is verified.Explore |Cosmos Blockchain: Bridging Interoperable Decentralized NetworksKey Features of Cosmos IBC ProtocolInteroperabilityIBC's universal standards facilitate compatibility across a wide range of blockchain protocols, making it a versatile tool for developers.ModularityThe protocol is designed to be highly modular, allowing it to be easily integrated with various blockchains, regardless of their underlying technology.ScalabilityBy enabling parallel operation of multiple independent blockchains, IBC enhances the scalability of the overall ecosystem.SecurityThe use of light clients and cryptographic proofs ensures secure and tamper-resistant communication between chains.Discover | Web3 App Development | Building a Decentralized FutureUse Cases and ApplicationsCross-Chain Token TransfersOne of the most prominent applications of IBC is the transfer of tokens between different blockchains, enabling liquidity and asset interoperability.Decentralized Finance (DeFi)IBC allows DeFi platforms to leverage assets and liquidity from multiple blockchains, creating more robust and interconnected financial services.Data SharingBeyond assets, IBC can exchange arbitrary data, facilitating use cases such as cross-chain oracles and shared governance mechanisms.Check Out | Exploring the Top Blockchain Platforms for Your EnterpriseConclusionThe Cosmos IBC protocol represents a significant advancement in blockchain technology, addressing the critical need for interoperability in a decentralized world. By enabling secure, scalable, and seamless communication between diverse blockchains, IBC paves the way for a more integrated and efficient blockchain ecosystem. As the adoption of IBC grows, we can expect to see a new era of cross-chain collaboration and innovation, unlocking unprecedented opportunities for developers, businesses, and users.Are you ready to harness the power of blockchain interoperability? At Oodles Blockchain, we integrate cutting-edge solutions like Cosmos's IBC protocol to elevate your blockchain projects. Contact our blockchain developers today to explore how we can help you build interconnected, scalable, and secure blockchain applications that drive real value.

Technology: SMART CONTRACT , Javascript more Category: Blockchain

Saumya Srivastava

23 Sep 2024

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